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Bio 120 > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Stages of eukaryotic gene expression

A

1.Chromatin Modification
2.Transcription
3.RNA processing
4.Transportation to cytoplasm
5. translation
6.RNA degradation
7.Protein processing
8.Protein degradation
9.Transport to destination (localization)

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2
Q

Chromatin modification occurs in the…
2 steps

A

In nucleus
Can modify chromatin to cause DNA unpacking
Opens up and exposes region of DNA so gene is available for transcription

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3
Q

Regulating transcription itself occurs in
Using what 2 things

A

In nucleus
Using transcription factors and RNA polymerase to turn genes on and off

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4
Q

RNA processing

A

In nucleus
How introns are cut out and exons are put together, and how messengers RNA is modified influences translation

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5
Q

Regulating transport to cytoplasm

A

In nucleus
Regulating transport of mature mRNA out of the cytoplasm through nuclear pores

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6
Q

Regulate translation

A

In cytoplasm
Ability of ribosome to initiate translation is regulated (how the protein is made)

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7
Q

Degradation of mRNA

A

In cytoplasm
If mRNA is degraded, protein is not made

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8
Q

Protein processing

A

In cytoplasm
As proteins travel through the ER and Golgi, processes take place that allow the protein to become fully functional

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9
Q

Transport to cellular destination involves regulating
Location regulates

A

Regulating where an active protein is in a cell. Location regulates function of protein.

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10
Q

Degradation of proteins
Example?

A

Ex: Cyclin in regulating mitosis

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11
Q

How does differentiation occur (2 ways)

A

1.Cytoplasmic determinants in the egg
2.Induction by nearby cells

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12
Q

Cytoplasmic determinants in the egg

A

When sperm and egg fuse, cytoplasmic determinants are not equally distributed in the cytoplasm within the cell.

When cells divide, one cell will end up with majority of one type of CD and the other will have a majority or the other type-> the cells will have different functions

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13
Q

Induction by nearby cells

A

When cells in one area induces change in cells in another area.
CM are released from one cell and bind to receptors in another cell causing changes in gene expression.

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14
Q

Master regulatory genes
What do they do?
Encode for?
Example?

A

Differentiates cells
Example- MyoD
MRG encodes for a protein that encodes for transcription factor=myoD
MyoD goes on to regulate other genes,
Affecting transcription of muscle proteins.

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15
Q

Homeotic genes

A

Control which parts of the body form what body parts
(Body plan)

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16
Q

Cell specific transcription

A

Different transcription factors ensure proper gene is transcribed in different locations
(2 cells with the same DNA with different TF will have different genes expressed)

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17
Q

Enhancer

A

Part of DNA that regulates gene expression by binding to TF & increasing the likelihood of a gene being transcribed

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18
Q

Activators

A

Soluble proteins that interact with transcription factors and enhancers.

Regulates GE by binding to DNA and recruiting RNA polymerase, initiating transcription.

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19
Q

Cancer
Cancerous cells arise from…

A

Cancerous cells arise from unregulated cell division.

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20
Q

Mitosis
3 uses (4)

A

Takes one cell and divides it into 2 identical cells.
Reproduction, Growth and Development, and tissue renewal

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21
Q

Cancer comes from mutation of what two types of genes

A

Oncogenes
Tumor-suppressor genes

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22
Q

Oncogene mutation

A

A protein is over expressed that stimulates the cell cycle leading to increased cell division

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23
Q

Protooncogene (normal) functioning (5 steps)

A

1) Growth factor binds to receptor Tyrosine kinase.
2) Activates Gprotein Ras.
3) G protein goes through phosphorylation cascade.
4) Ends up at nucleus. Transcription factor activates transcription.
5) produced protein stimulates cell cycle.

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24
Q

Tumor-suppressor

A

Inhibits the cell cycle
When not present, cell cycling is constant. Leads to increased cell division.

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25
Mutated Oncogene functioning
A change in the DNA causes mutation of Ras protein. Causes Ras protein to be active with or without growth factor. Protein is overexpressed, and cell division increases leads to cancerous growth
26
4 Different ways proto-oncogene can be mutated
1. Traslocation/movement of gene, so it is under control of a new promoter. 2. Gene amplification- when there are multiple copies of the same gene. 3. Point mutation within a control element 4. Point mutation within a gene (always active)
27
Tumor suppressor normal function
There is damage to the genome, and P53 is not mutated. P53 acts as a TF to create mRNA to create proteins that inhibit the cell cycle.
28
P53 protein
(Transcription factor) that recognizes damage to a genome. Creates proteins that inhibit the cell cycle.
29
Tumor suppressor mutation
P53 is mutated. (Defective/missing TF). Inhibitory protein is not made. Cell cycle is not inhibited, and cell division is increased
30
Chromatin
Complex of DNA and proteins
31
Genome
an organisms hereditary information (DNA)
32
Chromosome
DNA structure that contains genetic information
33
Somatic cells
Body cells that are not involved in reproduction
34
Gametes
Reproductive cells
35
Centromere
Point of Attatchment between original and replicated chromosome.
36
Two identical copies from chromosome replication are called? What holds them together?
Sister chromatid Held together by Centromere
37
Chromosome division 2 steps
1.DNA replication/chromosome duplication and condensation into 2 sister chromatids 2. Seperation of sister chromatids into 2 seperate chromatid.
38
2 major phases of the cell cycle
1. Interphase-Non mitosis phase (Majority of cells life) 2. Miotic (M) phase when mitosis occurs
39
Interphase includes what 3 stages
G1-Growth phase where more organelles made S-DNA synthesis (where dna is replicated) G2-another growth phase where more organelles made
40
Mitotic phase includes what stages
1. Mitosis 2. Cytokinesis
41
End of G2 to Cytokinesis steps And what happens at the end of G2
End of G2 (not mitosis)- Centrosomes are together, chromatin already duplicated but not condensed. Prophase (mitosis) Prometaphase (mitosis) Metaphase (mitosis) Anaphase (mitosis) Telophase(mitosis)&cytokinesis (not mitosis)
42
Prophase
Stage 1 of mitosis Chromosomes begin to condense into sister chromatid. Centrosomes begin separating while forming microtubules. (Spindles)
43
Prometaphase
Step 2 of mitosis Nuclear envelope starts to disappear Chromosomes are in the cytoplasm Centrioles are at opposite sides of cell There are 2 distinct forms of microtubules present
44
2 kinds of microtubules present in Prometaphase
Nonkinetichore-interact with other microtubules Kinetichore- attach to the centromere of sister chromatid
45
Metaphase
Step 3 of mitosis Sister chromatids align at the metaphase plate in the middle of the cell.
46
Anaphase
Step 4 of mitosis Microtubules change in size and pull sister chromatid apart.
47
Telophase
Last step of mitosis Microtubules disappear Nuclear envelope reforms Chromosomes decondense/unpack Nucleolus begins formation
48
Cytokinesis
Not mitosis After telophase Differs in plants and animals
49
Cytokinesis animals
Formation of cleavage furrow due to contractile ring of microfilaments leading to 2 daughter cells with separate plasma membranes
50
Cytokinesis in Plants
Vesicles align vertically in the middle of the cell To form a cell plate Cell plate grows to form a cell wall between the 2 cells
51
Checkpoint for eukaryotic cell cycle regulation
G2 checkpoint- If the cell does not have enough materials by the end of G2, it won’t go on to mitosis yet.
52
2 proteins involved in eukaryotic cell cycle regulation (G2 checkpoint) What do they combine to and what’s its purpose
CDK- enzyme that’s always present Cyclin- protein that is made in G2. (Regulated by protein degradation) CDK+clyclin-> MPF When enough MPF is formed, the cell can pass the checkpoint and go to M phase.
53
Binary fission What evoked from it Begins at End result
Mitosis for bacteria (mitosis evolved from BF) Begins at the origin of replication (ORI) and replicates in both directions. Origins+chromosomes each separate to opposite sides One ends up in each daughter cell
54
Dinoflagellates
Microtubules go through the nuclear membrane to connect with the chromosomes and pull them apart Nuclear envelope does not disappear in mitosis
55
Diatoms and some yeasts
Microtubules form inside the nucleus. NE remains intact.
56
Heredity
Transmission of traits from one generation to the next
57
Variation
Differences between members of the same species
58
Genetics is the study of
Heredity and Hereditary function
59
Locus
Specific location of a gene/DNA sequence on a chromosome
60
Karyotype
Figure where chromosomes appear as they do in mitosis (paired based on homology)
61
Homologous chromosomes
When one comes from mom and one comes from dad Contain genes in same locations
62
Alleles
Variation of a gene
63
Autosome
Non sex chromosomes
64
Haploid
Cells with One copy of every chromosome (n)
65
Diploid
Cells w two colors of every chromosome 2n
66
Animal sex cycle 4 steps
1. Organisms are diploid. 2. Using meiosis we make Haploid gametes 3. Fertilization produces a diploid zygote 4. Zygote undergoes mitosis to become multicellular
67
Plant sex cycle 6 steps
1. Organisms are diploid (sporophyte) 2. Meiosis produces haploid spores 3. Spores undergo mitosis 4. Develops into haploid multicellular gametophyte 5. Gametophyte forms gametes via mitosis 6. Fertilization forms diploid zygote from 2 gametes
68
Fungi sex cycle 4 steps
Main life cycle=Haploid stage Zygote=only diploid part 1. Makes haploid gametes 2. Fertilization occurs forming zygote 3. Zygote does not develop. Immediately undergoes meiosis. 4. Forms haploid cells
69
Meiosis 3 main steps
Interphase- homologous chromosome pair in diploid cell is duplicated into 2 sets of sister chromatid. (In s phase) Meiosis 1- separation of homologous chromosome pairs (2 haploid cells) Meiosis 2- separation of sister chromatid into 4 haploid cells with 1 chromosome each.
70
Meiosis 1 is broken into It seperates
Prophase 1, metaphase 1 (horizontally aligned), anaphase 1, and telophase 1 followed by cytokinesis Separates homologous chromosomes
71
Meiosis 2nd broken down into
Prophase 2, metaphase 2 (vertically aligned), anaphase 2, telophase 2, followed by cytokinesis Separates sister chromatid to form 4 total haploid sex cells.
72
Crossing over/recombination
Is a random occurrence Increases genetic diversity MEIOSIS ONLY in prophase 1, chiasma form. Part of chromosome breaks off and is swapped.
73
Chiasmata
Physical connection between (non sister) homologous chromosomes in prophase 1 of meiosis.

Bio 120 (11 decks)

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