Chapter 1 Flashcards
Properties of life (7)
Order(ed) structure
Evolutionary adaptations
Regulation
Response to stimuli/environment
Energy Processing
Growth&Development
Reproduction
5 Unifying themes of biology
Organization
Information
Energy and Matter
Interactions
Evolution
10 levels of Biological Organization
Big to small
Biosphere
Ecosystems
Communities
Populations
Organisms
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Organelles
Molecules
Biosphere
All life on earth and places where life exists.
Ecosystems
All living things and non living components that life interacts with in a particular area
Communities
The organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem (living only)
Populations
An inbreeding group of individuals OF A SINGLE TYPE within a defined area
Organisms
Individual living things
Organs
Body parts made up of multiple tissues that has specific functions in the body
Tissue
A group of cells working together to perform a specialized function
Cell
Life’s fundamental unit of structure and function
Organelles
The various functional components present in cells
Molecule
A chemical structure consisting of 2 or more atoms
Emergent properties
As you go up the hierarchy new properties arise and complexity increases
Systems biology
Exploring biological systems by analyzing the interactions of its parts
Cell theory
All living things are made up of cells
Prokaryote (7 properties)
No nucleus
Lacks organelles
Simple structure
Unicellular
Reproduces through Binary Fision
Circular DNA
smaller
Prokaryotes examples
Bacteria and archaen
Eukaryotes (7 traits)
Has nucleus
Membrane bound organelles
Complex structure
Unicellular or multicellular
Mitosis or meiosis
Linear DNA
Bigger
Eukaryote examples
Humans plants animals fungi protists
What do pro and euk have in common
DNA, ribosomes, cell membranes, cytoplasm
Chromosomes contain
Genetic material in DNA form
Gene
A unit of hereditary information that transmits information from parent to offspring
Nucleotides
Chemical building blocks of nucleic acids
Protein encoding
cell transcribes a matching mRNA molecule.
Cell translates the info from the mRNA to form an Amino Acid Chain
AAC folds into a specific protein shape
Amino Acid
Building blocks for protein
Gene expression
Process by which DNA directs protein synthesis and functional RNAs
Genomics
Large scale analysis of genomes AND comparison of genomes between species
Bioinformatics
Uses computational tools to deal with large volumes of sequence data
Energy ______ through ecosystems via
Flows via the food chain
Producers
Convert energy from the sun into chemical energy
It is used by the plant, absorbed by a consumer or released as heat energy
Chemical cycling
Plants take chemicals from the soil
Chemicals are passed through the food chain
Decomposes return chemicals to the soil
Feedback regulation
A process that is regulated by its output/end product
Feedback regulation
A process that is regulated by its output/end product
Positive feedback and an example
End product speeds up its production
Platelets in blood clotting
Negative feedback and an example
Buildup of end product slows its production
Insulin
Evolution and what does it account for
The process of change that has transformed life
accounts for diversity and organisms being suited for their environment
There are ___ Domains of life they are:
- Domain Bacteria
- Domain Archaea
- Domain Eukarya
Domain Bacteria
Most divers and widespread prokaryote
Consists of multiple kingdoms
Rod shaped
Domain Archaea
Prokaryotes.
Multiple kingdoms.
Round shaped
Domain Eukarya
Kingdoms Animalia, Plantae and fungi
Kingdom Animalia
Multicellular eukaryotes that ingest other organisms
Kingdom Plantae
Multicellular eukaryotes that conduct photosynthesis
Kingdom Fungi
Absorb nutrients outside their body
Darwin- Descent with modification
What causes it
What can it lead to
Species adapt overtime to different environments, and become increasingly different from their ancestors.
Primarily caused by Natural selection
Over long periods can lead to 2 descendent species
Scientific Method
Observation + current knowledge
Hypothesis
Experimentation
Observation and Data Analyses
Repeat
Deductive reasoning
Uses predictions to test a hypothesis
Can be tested by experiment or observation
Inductive reasoning
Using many observations to make a general conclusion
Hypothesis
A testable explanation for a set of observations based on available data and inductive reasoning
Theory
Broader than hypothesis
Generally supported by more evidence
Goal of science vs technology
Understand natural phenomena
Apply scientific knowledge for specific purposes
Protist are ___ic and usually ______cellular
Eukaryotic and unicellular
Experimentation allows
Rejection of the hypothesis
Experimentation allows
Rejection of the hypothesis
Genome
The genetic material of an organism
If every cell has the same genome, why do they not perform the same functions everywhere throughout the body?
Not all genes are tuned on in all cell types. Only when transcription and translation occur will a specific protein be created
Transcriptomics
The study of all the RNAs that are present in a cell type
Proteomics
The study of all the proteins that are present
Metabolomics
Study of metabolites, the small molecules in cells and tissues. Understanding how the body breaks things down/how things come together.
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