Gene term/info

Question 1

What does gene contain

Answer 1

Coded info to make a polypeptide (protein)

Question 2

How is mRNA produced

Answer 2

via an enzyme called RNA polymerase

Question 3

What is a codon

Answer 3

A triplet of nucleotide on the mrna that code for a specific amino acid

Question 4

Non disjuction

Answer 4

The shromatids did not seperate during meiosis(anaphase) resulting in a germ cell the have double the amount of chromosome

Question 5

Karyotype

Answer 5

the entire genome of an organism

Question 6

cause of down syndrome

Answer 6

Trisomy 21

Question 7

Why is trisomy bad

Answer 7

By having 3 gene, more protein is produce( too much is bad for the body)

Question 8

How is XXY created

Answer 8

non disjuction in male sperm cell creation (XY) combine with egg(X) => XXY

Question 9

What does mutation do

Answer 9

Produce different alleles in a gene

Question 10

Type of mutation

Answer 10

• base deletion
• base addition
• base substitution

Question 11

Protein produced by different alleles are

Answer 11

They are either functionally indifferent or have a different on their function and have an impact on the phenotype

Question 12

What is an autosome

Answer 12

pair of non-sex chromosome

Question 13

what is quantitative trait

Answer 13

mesurable trait ( height )

Question 14

What influences quantitative traits

Answer 14

-It is controlled by many gene and the environment in which the individual live in

Question 15

What is the term when twin have the same genotype/ dif genotype

Answer 15

concordance and nonconcordance

Question 16

What is twin study

Answer 16

-study twins to reveal the importance of environmental and genetic influences for traits, phenotypes, and disorders

Question 17

Assumptions of twin study

Answer 17

• both MZ and DZ pair have the same environment that would influence the trait that is being studied
• Higher number on the MZ over DZ show it is a genetic factor

Question 18

What is used to make conclusion in twin study

Answer 18

Corelation of MZ vs DZ

Question 19

Why is model organism used

Answer 19

• ethical barrier
• length of life cycle
• difficult or hard to rear in a contained environment
• small number of offspring

Question 20

Common ancestor

Answer 20

• common ancestor lived about 800 million years ago
• all animal genome come form that common ancestor
• Many biological information is converse(share) between animal
• Genes that control process is converse

Question 21

Some common model and their use

Answer 21

• baker yeast: under standing cell role in cancer development
• Thales cress: gene control in flower
• roundworm: controlled cell death
• fruit fly: immune system
• house mouse: dieses
• zebra fish: diesis and embryo observation

Question 22

what does PCR stand for and what does it do

Answer 22

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - rapid production of a large number of copies of a particular DNA fragment

Question 23

step in PCR

Answer 23

• DNA is denatured at 95 degrees Celcius –> separate DNA strands to expose bases
• attach primers to ends of single-stranded DNA at 65 degrees Celcius
• elongation: DNA polymerase builds new strands of DNA against exposed ones at 72 degrees Celcius

Question 24

what is Gel electrophoresis

Answer 24

is the separation of molecules using gel based on:

• net charge of molecules
• size of molecule
• composition of gel: size of ‘pores ‘ within gel

Question 25

Step in DNA electrophoresis

Answer 25

• a region of DNA is chosen
• DNA is extracted
• DNA is chopped into pieces using restriction endonucleases
• fragments are transferred to absorbent paper –> placed onto gel –> heated to separate DNA strands
• “probes” (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) are added. They contain radioactive P isotopes –> X-ray results –> darken film, the separated fragments become visible

Question 26

gene in cell are

Answer 26

• genetically identical to each other but express themselves differently
• different group of gene are turned on depending on which stage of live the organism is in

Question 27

what is gene regulation

Answer 27

-the control of gene expression by controlling the transcription process

Question 28

Type of gene regulation

Answer 28

• Positive regulation: transcription occur when the gene promoter region is binding with regulatory protein
• Negative regulation: transcription cannot occur because there is a regulatory gene bind with the promoter. transcription can only occur when a inducer bind with the regulatory protein, causing it to let go

Question 29

at what age does a woman have a higher chance of birth defect

Answer 29

35