Gene term/info Flashcards
What does gene contain
Coded info to make a polypeptide (protein)
How is mRNA produced
via an enzyme called RNA polymerase
What is a codon
A triplet of nucleotide on the mrna that code for a specific amino acid
Non disjuction
The shromatids did not seperate during meiosis(anaphase) resulting in a germ cell the have double the amount of chromosome
Karyotype
the entire genome of an organism
cause of down syndrome
Trisomy 21
Why is trisomy bad
By having 3 gene, more protein is produce( too much is bad for the body)
How is XXY created
non disjuction in male sperm cell creation (XY) combine with egg(X) => XXY
What does mutation do
Produce different alleles in a gene
Type of mutation
- base deletion
- base addition
- base substitution
Protein produced by different alleles are
They are either functionally indifferent or have a different on their function and have an impact on the phenotype
What is an autosome
pair of non-sex chromosome
what is quantitative trait
mesurable trait ( height )
What influences quantitative traits
-It is controlled by many gene and the environment in which the individual live in
What is the term when twin have the same genotype/ dif genotype
concordance and nonconcordance
What is twin study
-study twins to reveal the importance of environmental and genetic influences for traits, phenotypes, and disorders
Assumptions of twin study
- both MZ and DZ pair have the same environment that would influence the trait that is being studied
- Higher number on the MZ over DZ show it is a genetic factor
What is used to make conclusion in twin study
Corelation of MZ vs DZ
Why is model organism used
- ethical barrier
- length of life cycle
- difficult or hard to rear in a contained environment
- small number of offspring
Common ancestor
- common ancestor lived about 800 million years ago
- all animal genome come form that common ancestor
- Many biological information is converse(share) between animal
- Genes that control process is converse
Some common model and their use
- baker yeast: under standing cell role in cancer development
- Thales cress: gene control in flower
- roundworm: controlled cell death
- fruit fly: immune system
- house mouse: dieses
- zebra fish: diesis and embryo observation
what does PCR stand for and what does it do
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - rapid production of a large number of copies of a particular DNA fragment
step in PCR
- DNA is denatured at 95 degrees Celcius –> separate DNA strands to expose bases
- attach primers to ends of single-stranded DNA at 65 degrees Celcius
- elongation: DNA polymerase builds new strands of DNA against exposed ones at 72 degrees Celcius
what is Gel electrophoresis
is the separation of molecules using gel based on:
- net charge of molecules
- size of molecule
- composition of gel: size of ‘pores ‘ within gel
Step in DNA electrophoresis
- a region of DNA is chosen
- DNA is extracted
- DNA is chopped into pieces using restriction endonucleases
- fragments are transferred to absorbent paper –> placed onto gel –> heated to separate DNA strands
- “probes” (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) are added. They contain radioactive P isotopes –> X-ray results –> darken film, the separated fragments become visible
gene in cell are
- genetically identical to each other but express themselves differently
- different group of gene are turned on depending on which stage of live the organism is in
what is gene regulation
-the control of gene expression by controlling the transcription process
Type of gene regulation
- Positive regulation: transcription occur when the gene promoter region is binding with regulatory protein
- Negative regulation: transcription cannot occur because there is a regulatory gene bind with the promoter. transcription can only occur when a inducer bind with the regulatory protein, causing it to let go
at what age does a woman have a higher chance of birth defect
35
