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Topic 8 terminologies > Gene Technology > Flashcards

Gene Technology Flashcards

1
Q

Enzyme which can manufacture DNA from RNA

A

Reverse transcriptase

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2
Q

Eg HIV, a virus containing RNA as genetic material which can replicate by manufacturing complementary DNA.

A

Eg HIV, a virus containing RNA as genetic material which can replicate by manufacturing complementary DNA.

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3
Q

Processes by which genes are manipulated, altered or transferred from organism to organism.

A

Recombinant DNA Technology (genetic engineering)

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4
Q

DNA of two different organisms combined as a result of gene transfer

A

Recombinant DNA

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5
Q

Promoter

A

Region of DNA required to allow transcription of the gene to take place.

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6
Q

Terminator

A

Region of DNA required to stop transcription at the appropriate point

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7
Q

An enzyme which manufactures DNA by joining nucleotides (using a complementary strand as a blueprint).

NB it does NOT cause complementary base pairing

A

An enzyme which manufactures DNA by joining nucleotides (using a complementary strand as a blueprint).

NB it does NOT cause complementary base pairing

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8
Q

An enzyme which recognises and cuts DNA at a specific sequence of bases

A

Restriction endonuclease

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9
Q

Gene machine

A

A method of producing a gene by feeding the desired nucleotide sequence into a computer.

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10
Q

Short sequence of DNA

A

Oligonucleotide

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11
Q

An organism resulting from gene transfer from one organism to another, which has recombinant DNA

A

Genetically modified organism (GMO)

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12
Q

A carrier eg a plasmid or virus

A

Vector

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13
Q

Isolation of DNA; insertion into vector; transformation into host; identification by gene markers; growth/cloning of host cell population

A

Gene transfer/cloning stages

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14
Q

Complementary DNA

A

cDNA made with nucleotides lined up which are complementary to the mRNA template strand

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15
Q

Palindromic sequence

A

nucleic acid sequence on double-stranded DNA or RNA where reading the 5’ to 3’ forward on one strand matches the sequence reading backward 5’ to 3’ on the complementary strand

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16
Q

The sequence of nucleotides exposed following an oblique ‘cut’ by a restriction endonuclease

A

Sticky ends

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17
Q

DNA ligase

A

An enzyme which can join the phosphate-sugar framework of two sections of DNA eg joining sticky ends

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18
Q

Transformation

A

Reintroduction of plasmids back into host bacterial cells, by mixing them in a medium containing Calcium ions to increase their permeability

19
Q

Ways to identify whether a gene has been taken up by a bacterial cell eg using antibiotic resistance, fluorescence or specific enzyme presence.

A

Marker genes

20
Q

Replica plating

A

Method to identify bacterial cells with plasmids carrying antibiotic resistance genes by plating on antibiotic-rich medium

21
Q

Automated method of in vitro cloning in which fragments of DNA are copied very quickly and many billions of times

A

Polymerase chain reaction

22
Q

A short sequence of nucleotides with a set of bases complementary to those at one end of each of the two DNA fragments

A

Primer

23
Q

Annealing

A

Joining of the primers to their complementary bases at the end of the DNA fragment

24
Q

A computer-controlled machine that varies temperatures precisely over a period of time

A

Thermocycler

25
Q

Genetically modified crops changed by insertion of gene eg for resistance, over-fast softening of fruit

A

GM crops

26
Q

Trade name for world’s first anticoagulant to be made from a genetically modified animal (a goat via its milk)

A

(Atryn) Anti-thrombin

27
Q

Using defective gene replacement using genes cloned from healthy individuals

A

Gene therapy

28
Q

Therapy involving replacing or supplementing the defective gene in the fertilized egg, so all of the cells in the new organism develop normally. Currently prohibited.

A

Germ-line gene therapy

29
Q

Therapy involving targeting the damaged tissue itself, so needs to be repeated periodically as cells die and need replacement.

A

Somatic-line gene therapy

30
Q

CFTR

A

Cystic fibrosis trans-membrane-conductance regulator – chloride ion channel protein controls transport of Chloride ions across epithelial membranes.

31
Q

Viruses which infect the respiratory tract, by injecting their DNA into epithelial cells of the lungs, so are useful vectors for gene transfer

A

adenovirus

32
Q

Defective gene is replaced with a healthy gene

A

Gene replacement

33
Q

Gene supplementation

A

One or more copies of the healthy gene (which are dominant alleles) are added alongside the defective gene, so the effect of the defective gene is masked

34
Q

A lipid molecule wrapped around a gene, used to allow it across the cell-surface membrane

A

liposome

35
Q

SCID

A

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency- an example of a genetic disorder which can be helped using gene therapy

36
Q

The enzyme which destroys toxins which would otherwise kills leucocytes (white blood cells). The ADA gene is one which has been treated using gene therapy

A

Adenosine deaminase

37
Q

DNA probe

A

Short, single stranded length of DNA linked to an easily identifiable label eg radioactive or fluorescent probes

38
Q

Combination of separated DNA strands with the probe, by binding it to the complementary bases on one of the strands.

A

DNA hybridisation

39
Q

Methods to determine the exact sequence in which the nucleotides are lined up in a piece of DNA eg Sanger sequencing

A

DNA sequencing

40
Q

Method to separate the radioactively-labelled fragments of DNA after PCR by applying a voltage across a gel matrix, followed by detection using photographic film

A

Gel electrophoresis

41
Q

Cutting DNA with a series of different restriction endonucleases (eg HindIII, BamHI, NotI), then separating the fragments. Distance between recognition sites can be discovered by the patterns of fragments produced.

A

Restriction mapping

42
Q

Checking for individuals in a family for a mutant allele eg sickle-cell anaemia

A

Genetic screening

43
Q

Genetic counselling

A

Advice for people at risk of genetic conditions i.e. when in family history, to discover risk to them and their family of its inheritance

44
Q

Genetic fingerprinting

(genetic profiling)

A

Technique to determine the genetic identity of an organism eg in forensics, paternity cases, diagnostics, breeding programmes in conservation. It depends on an organism’s genome containing repetitive, non-coding introns, which have core sequences unique to the individual.

Topic 8 terminologies (5 decks)

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