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Genes and Heredity > Gene Regulation and Transcription > Flashcards

Gene Regulation and Transcription Flashcards

1
Q

What did Beadle and Tatum prove?

A

The one gene one polypeptide hypothesis

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2
Q

What is differential gene expression regulated by?

A

A combination of different transcription factors in cell differentiation.

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3
Q

What is the primary control point of gene expression?

A

Initiation of transcription genes

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4
Q

What causes only a fraction of genes in a cell to be expressed at one time?

A

Cells having distinct sets of transcription regulators and some regulators increasing transcription whereas some supress it.

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5
Q

How are prokaryote regulatory controlled?

A

By nutrient availability

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6
Q

What is the function of tRNA?

A

It is the adapter between amino acids and the mRNA sequence.

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7
Q

What is the function of mRNA?

A

It is the protein coding sequence of a gene.

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8
Q

What is the function of rRNA?

A

It is a structural and catalytic component of ribosomes.

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9
Q

What is the function of miRNA?

A

To inhibit translation.

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10
Q

What is the function of snRNA?

A

It is involved in RNA processing/splicing.

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11
Q

In what direction is RNA synthesised?

A

5’ to 3’

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12
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase?

A

It melts DNA to expose ten base pairs at a time.

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13
Q

What is the transcription bubble?

A

It is where DNA is unwound in RNA polymerase.

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14
Q

Where does the phosphodiester bond form on mRNA?

A

Between the 5’ phosphate of the new group and the 3’ hydroxyl of the existing nucleic acid.

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15
Q

What are the components of transcription?

A
  • nucleoside triphosphates (ATP, GTP, CTP and UTP)
  • RNA polymerase
  • DNA template
  • pH buffer
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16
Q

What does the highly processive nature of RNA polymerase result in?

A

The single enzyme-template binding polymerising hundreds of RNA bases.

17
Q

What are the differences between DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase?

A

RNA polymerase doesn’t need a primer and it doesn’t proofread the mRNA strand.

18
Q

What are the three steps of transcription?

A

Step 1 - Initiation
Step 2 - Elongation
Step 3 - Termination

19
Q

What is a characteristic of eukaryotic promoters?

A

They have a TATA box where DNA is denatured

20
Q

What is the transcription initiation complex?

A

TATA bound to TFIID

21
Q

How do positive regulatory DNA sequences enhance transcription?

A

By binding to transcription factors to activate/increase the rate of transcription.

22
Q

How do silencer regulatory DNA sequences prevent transcription?

A

By binding to transcription factors that repress transcription.

Genes and Heredity (6 decks)

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