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Fundamentals of Genetics (lec) > Gene Interaction > Flashcards

Gene Interaction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

When discrete phenotypic categories are produced that vary from one another in a qualitative way

A

Discontinuous variation

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2
Q

Phenotypic categories vary in a quantitative way

A

Continuous variation

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3
Q

is a form of gene interaction in which one gene masks the phenotypic expression of another gene at a different locus

A

Epistasis

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4
Q

*alleles that are masking the effect

A

epistatic alleles

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5
Q

*alleles whose effect is being masked

A

hypostatic alleles

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6
Q

Fur color in Labrador Retrievers is controlled by two separate genes.
 Fur color is a __________ trait!

Gene 1: Represented by B
: Controls color
Gene 2: Represented by E
: Controls expression of B

A

polygenic

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7
Q

Recessive at one either locus masks the expression of the dominant phenotype at the other locus.

A

Duplicate Recessive (9:7)

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8
Q

Recessive Trait at one locus masks the effect of the second locus.

A

Single Recessive (9:3:4)

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9
Q
  • The dominant trait at either locus will expression one phenotype, the other phenotype is homozygous at both loci.
A

Duplicate Dominant (15:1)

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10
Q

Dominant trait at one locus masks the expression of the second locus.

A

Single Dominant (12:3:1)

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11
Q

Duplicate effects from the two loci.
The phenotypes are:
* Two dominant
* One dominant
* None dominant.

A

Dominant ´ Recessive (9:6:1)

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12
Q

Pattern of inheritance:
* Involve genes in the nucleus

A

Maternal effect and epigenetic inheritance

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13
Q

Inheritance pattern:
* Involves genes in organelles other than the nucleus
- Mitochondria
- Chloroplasts

A

Extranuclear inheritance

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14
Q

refers to an inheritance pattern for certain nuclear genes in which the genotype of the mother directly determines the phenotype of her offspring
* Surprisingly, the genotypes of the father and offspring themselves do not affect the phenotype of the offspring

A

Maternal effect

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15
Q

Genetic phenomenon?

Phenotype determined by genes located on the sex chromosome

A

Sex-linked characteristic

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16
Q

Genetic phenomenon?

Phenotype determined by genes on autosomal chromosomes that are more readily expressed in one sex

A

Sex-influenced characteristic

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17
Q

Genetic phenomenon?

Phenotype determined by autosomal genes whose expression is limited to one sex

A

Sex-limited characteristic

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18
Q

Genetic phenomenon?

Phenotype determined by nuclear genotype of the maternal parent

A

Genetic maternal effect

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19
Q

Genetic phenomenon?

Phenotype determined by cytoplasmic genes, which are usually inherited entirely from only one parent

A

Cytoplasmic inheritance

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20
Q

Genetic phenomenon?

Phenotype determined by genes whose expression is affected by the sex of the transmitting parent

A

Genomic imprinting

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21
Q
  • percentage of individuals that show at least some degree of expression of a mutant genotype
  • Ex. If 15 percent of flies with a given mutant genotype show the wild-type appearance, the mutant gene is said to have a ___________ of 85 percent.
A

penetrance

22
Q
  • reflects the range of expression of the mutant genotype.
  • Ex. Flies homozygous for the recessive mutant gene eyeless exhibit phenotypes that range from the presence of normal eyes to a partial reduction in size to the complete absence of one or both eyes
A

Expressivity

23
Q

Type of penetrance:

identical known genotypes yield <100% of expected phenotype

A

Incomplete penetrance

24
Q

Type of penetrance:

identical known genotypes yield 100% expected phenotype

A

Complete penetrance

25
Q

Type of expressivity:

Identical known genotypes with an expressivity effect yield a range of phenotypes

A

Variable expressivity

26
Q

Type of expressivity:

Identical known genotypes with no expressivity effect yield 100% expected phenotype

A

Constant expressivity

27
Q

Identical known genotypes produce a broad range of phenotypes, due to varying degrees of gene activation and expression

A

Incomplete penetrance with variable expressivity

28
Q

Measure the degree to which an allele is expressed at the phenotypic level

A

Expressivity

29
Q
  • the physical location of a gene in relation to other genetic material may influence its expression
  • Ex. if a region of a chromosome is relocated or rearranged (called a translocation or inversion event), normal expression of genes in that chromosomal region may be modified
A

POSITION EFFECT

30
Q
  • Provides an organisms with its genetic potential- a possible phenotype.
A

Genotype

31
Q
  • Act on organism as it grows to produce an individual with a unique phenotype.
A

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

32
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INCLUDE SUCH VARIABLES AS:

A

WIND EXPOSURE
WATER AVAILABILITY
ACIDITY
TEMPERATURE
SOIL TYPE
LIGHT
PREDATION

33
Q

Sources of genetic variation:

A

Dominant alleles
Recessive alleles
Mutations
Crossing over
Independent assortment
Gene interactions

34
Q

Sources of environmentally induced variation

A

Wind
Water availability
Acidity
Temperature
Soil type
Light
Predation

35
Q

Evening primrose produces red flowers when grown at 23°C and white flowers when grown at 18°C

A

reason behind*
chemical activity depends on the kinetic energy of the reacting substances (depends on the surrounding temperature)

36
Q

Some breeds of cat and rabbit have distinctive darker fur on the extremities (called __________)

EXAMPLE: Siamese cats, Himalayan rabbits

A

pointing

37
Q

The environmental influence of a genotype on the phenotype

A

phenocopy

38
Q

The sex of some animals is determined by the temperature at which they were incubated during embryonic development
EXAMPLE: crocodiles, American alligators, and turtles
In some species:
* - high incubation temperature produce males
* - low incubation temperatures produce females
* - in some species the opposite is true

A
39
Q

Plants of the same species produce a smaller or stunted phenotype with higher altitude. Such patterns are observable in vegetation growing on mountainsides.
This may be due to the combined effects of:

A
    1. Wind exposure
    1. Cooler temperatures
    1. Water availability
    1. Rarified atmosphere (low oxygen)
40
Q

The presence of other members of the same species may control the determination of sex in other individuals of the group.
EXAMPLE: ________________
* 1. These fish live in groups comprising females and juveniles with a single male.
* 2. In the presence of the male, all juvenile fish of this species grow into females.
* 3. When the male dies, the dominant female will change her sex to become a male for the group.

A

Sandagers wrasse (parrotfish)

41
Q

In microorganisms, mutations that prevent synthesis of nutrient molecules are quite common, such as when an enzyme essential to a biosynthetic pathway becomes inactive

What do you call these organisms?

A

Auxotroph

42
Q

EXAMPLE: _______________
* If can no longer synthesize the amino acid leucine, proteins cannot be synthesized
* If leucine is present in the growth medium, the detrimental effect is overcome.

A

bread mold Neurospora

43
Q

Cannot metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine

A

Phenylketonuria

44
Q

Cannot metabolize galactose

A

Galactosemia

45
Q

Cannot metabolize lactose

A

Lactose intolerance

46
Q

The color of some flowers is determined by the pH of the soil they grow in.
EXAMPLE: Flower color in _______
* Acid soil – _________
* Alkaline soil – ________

A

hydrangeas

pink flowers
blue flowers

47
Q

The sedative drug caused improper development of the fetus leading to abnormally stunted limbs

A

thalidomide

48
Q

What is the gene interaction if the ratio is 9:3:3:1

A

Additive

49
Q

What is the gene interaction if the ratio is 9:7

A

Complementary

50
Q

What is the gene interaction if the ratio is 9:3:4

A

Recessive epistasis

51
Q

What is the gene interaction if the ratio is 12:3:1

A

Dominant epistasis

52
Q

What is the gene interaction if the ratio is 15:1

A

Duplicate genes

Fundamentals of Genetics (lec) (13 decks)

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