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Higher Human Biology > Gene Expression > Flashcards

Gene Expression Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is genotype

A

The genetic composition of a cell

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2
Q

What is genotype determined by

A

The sequence of DNA bases in its genes

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3
Q

What does the order of DNA bases determine

A

The sequence of amino acids that are joined together

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4
Q

What does the sequence of amino acids determine

A

The structure, shape and function of the protein produced

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5
Q

What is RNA

A

A single strand of RNA nucleotides

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6
Q

What do RNA nucleotides contain

A

Ribose sugar, a phosphate and a base (adenine, cytosine, guanine or uracil)

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7
Q

mRNA

A

Carries a copy of a section of the DNA code for a specific protein from the nucleus to the ribosome

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8
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA proteins form the ribosome (where protein synthesis takes place)

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9
Q

tRNA

A

Carries a specific amino acid on its amino acid attachment site

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10
Q

Codons

A

Every three bases found on mRNA are grouped together

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11
Q

What are mRNA codons complementary to

A

The triplet of bases on the original DNA strand

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12
Q

Where is tRNA found

A

In the cytoplasm and is folded on itself due to hydrogen bonds forming between bases

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13
Q

What are anticodons

A

The triplet of bases left exposed on tRNA

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14
Q

What are tRNA anticodons complementary to

A

The mRNA codons

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15
Q

What is transcription

A

The copying of the DNA code for a specific protein into mRNA

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16
Q

Where does transcription occur

A

In the nucleus of a cell

17
Q

What does RNA polymerase do

A

Unwind a specific section of DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds between bases

18
Q

What is mRNA formed of

A

Free RNA nucleotides that pair with complimentary DNA bases (A–U, G–C)

19
Q

What end does RNA polymerase add nucleotides

A

The 3’ end of mRNA

20
Q

What is the primary transcript of mRNA

A

The mRNA that separates from the DNA template (before splicing)

21
Q

Introns

A

Non-coding regions of genes

22
Q

Exons

A

Coding regions of genes

23
Q

What happens to introns during RNA splicing

A

Introns are cut out and removed from the primary transcript

24
Q

When is the mature transcript of mRNA formed

A

When exons are spliced together to form a continuous sequence

25
Q

Where does the mature transcript of mRNA move from

A

The nucleus, through the cytoplasm, to a ribosome

26
Q

mRNA codon AUG

A

Acts as a start codon and codes for methionine (met)

27
Q

mRNA codons UAA, UAG and UGA

A

Do not code for amino acids but they act as stop codons

28
Q

Where does translation begin

A

At a start codon and ends at a stop codon

29
Q

During translation where does the mature mRNA bind to

A

The ribosome

tRNA binds to its mRNA codon which lines up amino acids in a specific order

30
Q

What do peptide bonds form between

A

Amino acids to form a polypeptide chain

31
Q

How do polypeptide chains fold

A

By hydrogen bonding and other interactions to form the 3D shapes of proteins

Higher Human Biology (17 decks)

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