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Higher Human Biology > Division & Differentiation > Flashcards

Division & Differentiation Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell differentiation

A

When an unspecialised cells become specialised to carry out specialised functions

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2
Q

Once a cell becomes differentiated

A

It only expresses certain genes to produce proteins characteristic to that type of cells

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3
Q

Stem cells

A

Have the potential to differentiate into specialised cells

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4
Q

Two types of stem cell

A

Embryonic and tissue

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5
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

Are found in a very early human embryo and are pluripotent

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6
Q

Pluripotent stem cells

A

Can make ALL types of differentiated cells

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7
Q

Tissue stem cells

A

Are involved in growth, repair and renewal and are multipotent

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8
Q

Multipotent stem cells

A

Differentiate into a limited range of cell types

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9
Q

Stem cells in bone marrow

A

Can differentiate into different types of blood cells e.g. red blood cells, platelets, lymphocytes etc

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10
Q

Somatic cell

A

The scientific name for body cells (any cell other than cells involved in reproduction)

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11
Q

What do human somatic cells contain

A

46 chromosomes (23 pairs of homologous chromosomes)

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12
Q

Somatic cells divide

A

By mitosis to form more somatic cells

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13
Q

Germline cell

A

A cell that produces gametes and the stem cells that divide to form gametes

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14
Q

Germline cells divide

A

By mitosis to produce more germline stem cells OR

By meiosis to produce gametes

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15
Q

Stem cell research provides

A

Information on how cell processes work, providing models for drugs testing, modelling diseases

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16
Q

Therapeutic uses of stem cells include

A

Repair of damaged or diseased organs/tissues e.g. corneal repair, burned skin

17
Q

Ethical concerns around stem cell use come from

A

Use of embryonic stem cells being destroyed in order to provide effective treatments

18
Q

Induced pluripotent stem cells (IPS)

A

Stem cells created from reprogramming differentiated cells back to an embryonic state

19
Q

Cancer cells

A

Divide excessively to produce a mass of abnormal cells (tumour)

20
Q

Metastasis

A

The spread of cancer from its primary site

Higher Human Biology (17 decks)

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