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Biology Unit 1 > Gene Expression > Flashcards

Gene Expression Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What determines phenotype?

A

The proteins produced as a result of gene expression

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2
Q

What can influence phenotype?

A

Environmental factors

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3
Q

How many genes from the genome are expressed?

A

Only a fraction

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4
Q

What does gene expression involve

Hint: 2 Ts

A

Transcription and translation of DNA sequences

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5
Q

Transcription and Translation involves three types of rna: name them

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

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6
Q

Describe RNA in comparison to DNA

A

Single stranded
Ribose sugar
Uracil instead of Thymine

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7
Q

In RNA what base is complementary to Adenine

A

Uracil

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8
Q

What does mRNA do?

A

Carry a copy of the DNA code from the nucleus to the ribosome

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9
Q

mRNA is transcribed from DNA where?

A

In the nucleus

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10
Q

mRNA is translated into proteins by ribosomes, where?

A

In the cytoplasm

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11
Q

What is a triplet of bases called?

A

A codon

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12
Q

What does a codon do?

A

Codes for a specific amino acid

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13
Q

Why does tRNA fold?

A

Due to complementary base pairing

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14
Q

Where does tRNA carry its specific amino acid to?

A

Ribosome

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15
Q

What does tRNA have?

A

An anticodon at one end

Attachment site for specific amino acid at the other end

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16
Q

What forms the ribosome?

A

rRNA and proteins

17
Q

What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?

A

RNA polymerase moves along DNA unwinding the double helix and breaking the hydrogen bonds between bases.

18
Q

RNA polymerase synthesises a primary transcript of mRNA from what?

A

RNA nucleotides by complementary base pairing

19
Q

What does RNA splicing form?

A

A mature RNA transcript

20
Q

What are introns of the primary transcript, and what happens to them?

A

Non-coding regions that get removed

21
Q

What are exons?

A

Coding regions that join to form the mature transcript

22
Q

During splicing what happens to the order of exons?

A

Unchanged during splicing

23
Q

tRNA is involved in the translation of mRNA into what, where?

A

A polypeptide at the ribosome

24
Q

Translation begins at a start codon and ends where?

A

Stop codon

25
Q

What do anticodons bond to?

A

Codons by complementary base pairing

26
Q

Anticodons bond to codons translating the genetic code into?

A

A sequence of amino acids

27
Q

What joins the amino acids together?

A

Peptide bonds

28
Q

What is formed as tRNA leaves the ribosome?

A

Polypeptide is formed

29
Q

How can different proteins be expressed from one gene?

A

A result of alternative splicing

30
Q

Different mRNA transcripts are produced from the same primary transcript depending on?

A

Which exons are retained

31
Q

Amino acids are linked by… to form…

A

Peptide bonds to form polypeptides

32
Q

Polypeptide chains food to form?

A

Three-dimensional shape of a protein

33
Q

What are the proteins held together by?

A

Hydrogen bonds and other interactions between individual amino acids

34
Q

Proteins have a large variety of shapes, what does this determine?

A

The proteins function

Biology Unit 1 (8 decks)

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