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Bio SAT > Gene Expression > Flashcards

Gene Expression Flashcards

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SAT® Prep flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Promotor region

A

Indicates where the gene starts on the chromosome

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2
Q

Transcription factor

A
  • binds to promotor region

- Helps RNA polymerase to bind to DNA strand

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3
Q

RNA polymerase

A

Converts double-stranded DNA to single strands by breaking hydrogen bonds

Adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the 3’ end based on complementary base pairing rule

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4
Q

What happens in initiation

A

Transcription factor binds to promoter region: helps RNA polymerase to bind to DNA strand

RNA polymerase unwinds double stranded DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds

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5
Q

What happens in elongation

A

RNA polymerase at complementary nucleotides to the three prime end

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6
Q

What happens in termination

A

RNA polymerase

Reaches termination sequence

Releases the DNA (which reanneals)

Releases primary RNA transcript

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7
Q

What is the function of transcription

A

To create a primary RNA transcript

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8
Q

Gene expression stages

A
  1. Transcription
  2. mRNA processing
  3. Translation
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9
Q

Introns

Exons

A

Introns - NON coding regions

Exons - CODING regions (want to keep)

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10
Q

What happens in splicing

A

Introns are removed

Exons are joined together

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11
Q

What is the function of 5’ caps and poly-A tails

A

To protect the gene

Prevents gene from getting broken down in the cytoplasm

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12
Q

5’ methylated caps

A

GGGGGG…

Added to 5’ end

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13
Q

Poly-A tail

A

AAAAAAA….

Added to 3’ end

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14
Q

What is the function of mRNA processing?

A

To produce the final RNA transcript

  • remove introns
  • add 5’ cap and poly-A tail
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15
Q

What happens in translation

A

RNA acts as a template to make protein

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16
Q

mRNA is read _____

A

5’ to 3’

3 letters at a time (CODONS)

17
Q

Each codon…

A

Codes for 1 amino acid

Made up of three nitrogenous bases (AUG)

18
Q

What are the two types of ribosomes

A

Free ribosomes

  • Cytoplasm
  • Make proteins for use inside the cell

Bound ribosomes

  • Rough ER
  • Make proteins for use outside the cell
19
Q

Codons are…

A

Redundant (many different codons can code for the same amino acid

Not ambiguous - each codon can only code for one particular amino acid

Non-overlapping

Continuous

20
Q

Stages of translation

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination

(Same as Transcription)

21
Q

Translation:

What happens in initiation

A

Ribosome attaches to start codon located on 5’ end

Allows tRNA to read the start codon to bring amino acid (AUG, Methionine)

22
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

Carries an amino acid

Reads codons of mRNA using anti-codons

23
Q

mRNA has ____

tRNA has ____

A

codons

anticodons

24
Q

What do the ribosomes do

A

Hold everything together

Hold mRNA, tRNA and polypeptide bonds

25
Q

What happens in elongation

A

TRNA reads codons of mRNA using anticodons and adds complementary nucleotides

Ribosomes make peptide bonds between amino acids to form polypeptides

26
Q

What happens in termination

A

Ribosome reaches Stop codon

Released everything:
Releases mRNA, tRNA and polypeptide (protein)

Translation complete polypeptide formed

27
Q

What are the 2 components that make up ribosomes

A

Small subunit

Large subunit

Both made of proteins and rRNA

28
Q

What is the function of translation?

A

To read the final RNA transcript and make protein

To put the amino acids in the correct sequence and join them to form polypeptide chains

29
Q

Stop codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

Found at the end of mRNA sequence

30
Q

Coding strand

A

Strand that is NOT transcribed

tells us what the mRNA will look like

31
Q

Template strand

A

Strand that IS transcribed

Strength that acts as a template

32
Q

Why don’t we need helicase in Transcription?

A

RNA polymerase can break hydrogen bonds as well as add RNA nucleotides

33
Q

In DNA replication…

In transcription…

A

Both strands act as templates

Only one strand undergoes transcription / Only one strand acts as a template

Bio SAT (7 decks)

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