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Bio SAT > 1. DNA > Flashcards

1. DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 components that make up a nucleotide?

A
  • pentose sugar
  • phosphate group
  • nitrogenous base
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2
Q

DNA acts as a template to make RNA in a process known as ______?

A

Transcription

* which takes place in the nucleus

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3
Q

RNA acts as a template to make protein in a process known as ______?

A

Translation

* which happens in the cytoplasm on ribosomes

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4
Q

Purines are made up of ___ ring(s)

A

2

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5
Q

Pyrimidines are made up of ____ ring(s)

A

1

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6
Q

A forms ___ H bonds with T

C forms ___ H bonds with G

A

A forms 2 bonds with T

C forms 3 bonds with G

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7
Q

Purines :

Pyrimidines:

A

A and G are purines

C and T are pyrimidines

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8
Q

Where do phosphodiester bonds form ?

A

Between the pentose sugar and the phosphate group

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9
Q

Why don’t RNA have H bonds?

A

Because single-stranded. Only have phosphodiester in sugar-phosphate backbone. No need to hold 2 nitrogenous bases tgt

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10
Q

How to break down polynucleotides

A

Hydrolysis (+ water)

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11
Q

How to form polynucleotides from nucleotides?

A

Condensation polymerisation/ dehydration synthesis (- water)

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12
Q

Function of helicase

A

Convert double stranded DNA into single-stranded DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds

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13
Q

Function of single-stranded binding protein

A

To bind on single strands of DNA and prevent them from reannealing

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14
Q

Function of primase

A

To create RNA primers based on template strand

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15
Q

Function of DNA polymerase III

A

To add complimentary DNA nucleotides to the 3’ end, based on the template

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16
Q

Function of sliding clamp

A

To move DNA polymerase III along the template strand

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17
Q

Function of nuclease

A

To remove RNA primers

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18
Q

Function of DNA polymerase I

A

To replace RNA nucleotides with DNA nucleotides

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19
Q

Function of DNA ligase

A

To join the replicated DNA fragments into a single continuous strand

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20
Q

Other types of monohybrid inheritance

A
  1. Incomplete dominance
  2. Co dominance
  3. Multiple alleles
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21
Q

What do multiple alleles mean?

A

When one gene has more than two alleles

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22
Q

3 exceptions to Mendels law

A
  1. Polygenic inheritance
  2. Linked genes
  3. Effect of environment
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23
Q

What happens before Prophase?

A

Interphase

- G1, S & G2

24
Q

What happens after Prophase?

A

Metaphase

25
Q

What is the order of mitosis?

A 
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase 
Anaphase
Telophase

Cytokinesis (not a part of mitosis)

26
Q

What happens during Prophase?

A
  • Chromosomes have been duplicated
  • Centrioles have been duplicated
  • Central start producing spindle fibers
  • Nuclear envelope starts to break down
27
Q

What happens during Metaphase?

A

Duplicated chromosomes are lined up at the Metaphase plate/ equator

28
Q

What happens during Anaphase?

A
  • Sister chromatids are separated/ Duplicated chromosomes are split at the centromere (spindle fibers pull the chromatids to opposite poles)
  • Nuclear envelope still not present
  • Cleavage furrow starts to form
29
Q

What happens during telophase?

A
  • Unreplicated chromosomes reach opposite poles
  • Spindle fibers breakdown
  • Nuclear envelope starts to form again
  • Cleavage furrow forms
30
Q

Cytokinesis

A
  • Cytoplasm is divided
  • Two nuclei are separated
  • Two new daughter cells are formed
31
Q

Two functions of mitosis

A

Asexual reproduction

Growth and repair

32
Q

When may crossing over occur?

A

During prophase I

33
Q

When does independent assortment occur?

A

During metaphase I

34
Q

What happens in Anaphase I

A

Homologous chromosomes separated

35
Q

What happens in Anaphase II

A

Sister chromatids separated

36
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an individual (Aa / AA / aa)

37
Q

True breed

A

A.k.a. homozygous

Two copies of the same allele

38
Q

Hybrid

A

A.k.a. heterozygous

Two different copies of an allele (Aa)

39
Q

What are the three laws in inheritance

A

Law of dominance
Law of segregation
Law of independent assortment

40
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

The segregation of one pair of alleles is independent of another pair of alleles

One pair of alleles is segregated independently of another pair of alleles

41
Q

Law of segregation

A

When gametes are produced, alleles are segregated

42
Q

AA x aa

A

100% Aa

Heterozygotes

43
Q

Aa x Aa

A

1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa

3 dom phe: 1 rec phe

44
Q

Aa x aa

A

1 Aa : 1 aa

1 dom phe : 1 rec phe

45
Q

AaBb x aabb

A

1AaBb : 1 Aabb: 1 aaBb : 1 aabb

46
Q

If we don’t get 9:3:3:1 ratio..?

A
  1. Chance

2. Linked genes

47
Q

Hemizygous

A

Only have one copy of an allele

48
Q

X linked genes

Y Linked genes

A

Genes located on X or Y chromosome

49
Q

Autosomal dominant

A

When both parents have the trait but produce offspring that don’t have the trait

50
Q

Autosomal recessive

A

When both parents don’t have the trait but produce offspring that have the trait

51
Q

Y linked Inheritance

A

Only males affected

Affected fathers produce affected sons

52
Q

X-linked recessive

A

More affected males than affected females

Affected fathers WONT produce affected sons

Affected mothers produce affected sons

53
Q

X linked dominant

A

More affected females then affected males

Affected fathers produce affected daughters

54
Q

Transcription stages

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

55
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

When a character is controlled by more than one gene

With multiple genes work together to produce a single character

  • Continuous variation
56
Q

Dihybrid x dihybrid

AaBb x AaBb

A

Phenotypic ratio:

9:3:3:1

57
Q

Linked genes

A

Located on the same chromosome close to each other

Bio SAT (7 decks)

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