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Biology UNIT 1 > Gene Expression > Flashcards

Gene Expression Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the first step of protein synthesis?

A

Transcription

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2
Q

What enzyme is responsible for RNA synthesis during transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

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3
Q

What is the second step of protein synthesis?

A

Translation

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4
Q

Where does translation occur in a cell?

A

Ribosome

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5
Q

What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA) during translation?

A

Brings amino acids to the ribosome

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6
Q

What is the start codon that initiates translation?

A

AUG

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7
Q

What is the role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

A

Carries a copy of the DNA Code from the nucleus to the ribosome. produced by the process of transcription.

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8
Q

What are the three types of RNA involved in protein synthesis?

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

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9
Q

What is the function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) during translation?

A

Forms the ribosome’s structure

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10
Q

What is the genetic code that determines the amino acid sequence in a protein?

A

Codon

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11
Q

What is the role of the stop codon in translation?

A

Signals the end of protein synthesis

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12
Q

What is the process called when mRNA is decoded to produce a protein?

A

Translation

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13
Q

What is an intron

A

Non- coding sequence of DNA

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14
Q

What is a primary transcript

A

Molecule made when DNA Is transcribed. Contains both the introns and exons

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15
Q

Ribosome

A

Site of protein synthesis- composed of rRNA and protein

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16
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid. It is single stranded and is composed of nucleotides contains ribose sugar, phosphate and base. The bases are adenine - uracil, guanine - cytosine

17
Q

RNA Splicing

A

Joining of exons following the removal of introns from a primary transcript

18
Q

Are all genes expressed

A

Only a fraction of the genes in a cell are expressed

19
Q

triplet of bases on mRNA molecule

A

Is called a codon and codes for a specific amino acid

20
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA. Has an anticodon (triplet of three bases) on one end
An attachment site for a specific amino acid on the other end
It carries its specific amino acid to the ribosome.
It folds due to complementary base pairing

21
Q

Two main stages of protein synthesis

A

Transcription
Translation

22
Q

Genotype

A

Determined by an organisms DNA sequence

23
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical result of the genotype + environment

E.g blue eyes

24
Q

Alternative RNA splicing

A

One gene can produce many different proteins as a result of alternative RNA splicing.
Different mature mRNA transcripts are produced from the same primary transcript depending on which exons are retained.

25
Q

Transcription process

A
  1. RNA polymerase enzyme moves along the DNA unwinding the double helix and breaking the hydrogen bonds between the bases, which allows the unzipping of the double helix
  2. As rna polymerase breaks the hydrogen bonds, it synthesises a primary transcript of mRNA using RNA nucleotides. These form hydrogen bonds by complementary base pairing
  3. RNA splicing forms a mature transcript of mRNA from the primary transcript. This is where the introns which are the non coding regions are removed and the exons which are the coding regions are jointed together to create the mature mRNA transcript.
  4. The order of the exons remain unchanged during splicing and the mature transcript is ready to leave the nucleus and travel to the ribosome
26
Q

Translation process

A
  1. The mature mRNA travels through the cytoplasm and attaches to the ribosome
  2. tRNA molecules transport specific amino acids to the ribosome
  3. Each mRNA codon codes for a specific amino acid
  4. The first codon of an mRNA molecule is a start codon which signals the beginning of translation
  5. The anti codons bond to the codons by complementary base pairing. Translating the genetic code into a sequence of amino acids
  6. Peptide bonds form between the amino acids to form the polypeptide chain
  7. Used tRNA molecules exit the ribosome and collect another specific amino acid
  8. The last codon of an mRNA Molecule is a stop codon which signals the end of translation .
27
Q

Amino acids and polypeptides

A

Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains.
Polypeptide chains fold to form 3D Shapes of protein. Held together by hydrogen bonds and other interactions between individual amino acids.

28
Q

Protein structure after synthesis

A

Proteins have a large variety of shapes which determines their functions
-polypeptide chains fold to create different shapes due to hydrogen bonds and interactions between individual amino acids.

Biology UNIT 1 (6 decks)

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