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Higher Human Biology U1 > Gene expression > Flashcards

Gene expression Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What percentage of genes in a cell are expressed?

A

Only a fraction of the genes in a cell are expressed

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2
Q

What does gene expression involve?

A

The transcription, splicing and translation of DNA sequences

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3
Q

What is RNA and properties of RNA

A

RNA is single stranded and is composed of nucleotides containing ribose sugar, phosphate and bases: adenine, uracil, cytosine and guanine.

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4
Q

What bases pair in RNA?

A

Adenine pairs with Uracil and Cytosine pairs with Guanine

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5
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
(Messenger RNA) (Transfer RNA) ( Ribosomal RNA)

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6
Q

What RNA’s are involved in transcription and translation

A

mRNA tRNA and rRNA

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7
Q

What is mRNA?

A

mRNA ( messenger RNA ) carries a complementary copy of the genetic code ( DNA ) from the nucleus to the ribosome.

mRNA is only complementary to ONE GENE in DNA

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8
Q

where is mRNA transcribed?

A

mRNA is transcribed in the nucleus and translated into proteins by ribosomes in the cytoplasm

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9
Q

where is mRNA translated?

A

mRNA is translated by ribosomes in the cytoplasm into proteins

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10
Q

where does RNA splicing occur?

A

RNA splicing occurs in the nucleus

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11
Q

what is a triplet of bases on mRNA called?

A

A codon

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12
Q

What is a triplet of bases on tRNA called?

A

An anticodon

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13
Q

What does the codon and anticodon code for?

A

A specific amino acid

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14
Q

how does tRNA fold?

A

tRNA folds due to complementary base pairing

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15
Q

What is the function of tRNA?

A

tRNA carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome for translation

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16
Q

Describe the structure of tRNA

A

tRNA has an attachment site for a specific amino acid at one end
tRNA has an anticodon ( exposed triplet of three complementary bases to mRNA codon ) at the other end

17
Q

What forms the ribosome?

A

Ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) and proteins

18
Q

What is the function of rRNA?

A

To form the ribosomes along with proteins

19
Q

What is stage 1 of transcription?

A

RNA polymerase moves along the DNA unwinding the double helix at a specific gene and breaking hydrogen bonds between bases.

20
Q

What is stage 2 of transcription?

A

RNA polymerase synthesises a primary transcript of mRNA from RNA nucleotides by complementary base pairing to the DNA.

21
Q

What occurs that causes a primary transcript to form a mature transcript?

A

RNA splicing

22
Q

What occurs in RNA splicing?

A

Introns are removed and exons are retained and joined together to from a mature mRNA transcript

23
Q

What are exons?

A

Exons are coding regions of DNA

24
Q

What are introns?

A

Introns are non coding regions of DNA

25
Q

Is the order of exons changed during splicing?

A

No, the order of exons is not changed.

26
Q

How does translation begin and end!

A

Translation begins at a start codon and ends at a stop codon

27
Q

What occurs in translation to produce a chain of amino acids?

A

Anticodons on tRNA bond to codons by complementary base pairing, translating the genetic code into a sequence of amino acids.

28
Q

What joins amino acids together?

A

Peptide bonds join amino acids together.

29
Q

What is formed when amino acids are bonded by peptide bonds?

A

A Polypeptide chain

30
Q

What happens to tRNA as the polypeptide is formed?

A

tRNA leaves the ribosome to the cytoplasm to pick up another complementary amino acid for further translation.

31
Q

What is alternative RNA splicing?

A

alternative RNA splicing is the process by which certain exons are retained or left out of the mature mRNA transcript to produce different proteins from one gene

32
Q

What do polypeptides do?

A

Polypeptide chains fold to form the 3D shape of a protein

33
Q

What are polypeptides held together by?

A

Hydrogen bonds and * other interactions between individuals amino acids *

34
Q

What is phenotype determined by?

A

Phenotype is determined by proteins produced as a result of gene expression

35
Q

What else influences phenotype?

A

Environmental factors.

Higher Human Biology U1 (9 decks)

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