Gene Expression

Question 1

Anticodon

Answer 1

Three consecutive bases on the tRNA

Question 2

Codon

Answer 2

Three consecutive bases on the mRNA

Question 3

Deletion mutation

Answer 3

A mutation on the DNA where a base(s) is removed, resulting in a frame shift

Question 4

DNA

Answer 4

Deoxyribose nucleic acid, A joins with T, C joins with G. Double stranded, helix shaped large molecule, a whole chromosome. Deoxyribose sugar

Question 5

Enzyme

Answer 5

A folded protein which acts as a biological catalyst to speed up the rate of a chemical reaction in an organism

Question 6

Frameshift

Answer 6

Change in bases that the ribosome reads

Question 7

Gene

Answer 7

A piece of DNA which codes for the making of a protein / feature

Question 8

Gene expression

Answer 8

The process where the instructions on our DNA are converted into a functional protein, includes transcription, translation and protein folding

Question 9

Genotype

Answer 9

The genetic make-up of an organism for a feature

Question 10

Insertion mutation

Answer 10

A mutation on the DNA where a base(s) is added resulting in a frame shift

Question 11

Metabolic pathway

Answer 11

A series of enzyme-controlled reactions, where the product of one reaction becomes the substrate of the next

Question 12

Missense mutation

Answer 12

A change of the base on the DNA which codes for a different amino acid. This may or may not alter the shape of the protein and therefore it’s function

Question 13

mRNA

Answer 13

Messenger RNA. Made during transcription in the nucleus. Carries the instructions to the ribosome to make a polypeptide chain. Contains codons

Question 14

Mutagen

Answer 14

Environmental factor which causes the mutation e.g. agent orange, x-rays etc

Question 15

Mutation

Answer 15

A permanent change in the bases on the DNA

Question 16

Non-sense mutation

Answer 16

A change of the base on the DNA which changes the instructions, so a STOP codon occurs in the wrong place. Protein is greatly affected

Question 17

Peptide bond

Answer 17

Bond formed between 2 amino acids during translation

Question 18

Phenotype

Answer 18

The physical appearance of a feature

Question 19

Point mutation

Answer 19

A change of only one or a few bases on the DNA

Question 20

Protein

Answer 20

A substance made of many amino acids joined together to form a polypeptide chain, which gets folded into a functional protein (enzymes are a type of protein)

Question 21

Redundancy

Answer 21

The fact that multiple codons code for the same amino acid, e.g. CCU, CCC, CCA and CCG all code for the amino acid Pro

Question 22

RNA

Answer 22

Ribonucleic acid. A bonds with U and G bonds with C. Three types, tRNA, mRNA and rRNA. Single stranded and shorter than DNA. Sugar is ribose

Question 23

Same-sense mutation

Answer 23

A change of the base on the DNA where the bases still code for the same amino acid. This is due to the redundancy of the genetic code

Question 24

Silent mutation

Answer 24

A mutation that is neither favourable nor harmful, that remains in a population

Question 25

Start codon

Answer 25

The start signals on the mRNA which initiates translation. Always AUG

Question 26

Stop codon

Answer 26

These 3 codons on the mRNA (UAA, UAG, UGA) do not code for an amino acid therefore telling the ribosome where to stop translation

Question 27

Substitution mutation

Answer 27

A mutation where the base(s) on the DNA are swapped

Question 28

Transcription

Answer 28

The process by which DNA going to mRNA, occurs in the nucleus. Controlled by RNA polymerase

Question 29

Translation

Answer 29

The process by which mRNA going to polypeptide chain, occurs in the cytoplasm on the ribosome

Question 30

Triplet

Answer 30

Three consecutive bases on the DNA

Question 31

tRNA

Answer 31

Transfer RNA. Carries an amino acid to the ribosome. 3 bases on the mRNA = an anti codon