Gene Action: from DNA to protein

Question 1

one or more long chains
of amino acids that a protein consists of;
series of peptides.

Answer 1

Polypeptides

Question 2

shorter chains of amino acids

Answer 2

Peptides

Question 3

shorter chains of amino acids

Answer 3

Peptides

Question 4

gives a person inability to walk because of the
lack gigaxonin protein manufactured
by motor neurons.

Answer 4

Giant axonal neuropathy

Question 5

provides respiratory
and digestive problems; ion channel
proteins cannot fold properly.

Answer 5

Cystic fibrosis

Question 6

synthesizes an RNA molecule that is complementary to one strand of the DNA double helix for a particular gene. The RNA copy is then taken out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm.

Answer 6

Transcription

Question 7

uses the RNA information and makes proteins
by aligning and joining specified amino acids. The
protein then folds into a specific three-dimensional form necessary for its function

Answer 7

Translation

Question 8

a strand of the double
helix used to make complementary
bases for an RNA sequence.

Answer 8

Template strand

Question 9

an enzyme that builds an RNA molecule.

Answer 9

RNA Polymerase

Question 10

nontemplate strand of
the DNA double helix.

Answer 10

Coding strand

Question 11

when synthesized RNA
folds into a three-dimensional shape that
arises from complementary base pairing
within the same RNA molecule.

Answer 11

Conformation

Question 12

two subunits that are
separate in the cytoplasm but join at the
site of initiation of protein synthesis.

Answer 12

Ribosome

Question 13

carries the information
that specifies a particular
protein

Answer 13

Messenger RNA or mRNA

Question 14

binds an mRNA codon at
one end and a specific
amino acid at the other

Answer 14

Transfer RNA or tRNA

Question 15

complementary to an mRNA codon

Answer 15

Anticodon

Question 16

regulate which genes are transcribed in a particular cell type under particular conditions.

Answer 16

Transcription factors

Question 17

transcription factors and RNA
polymerase are attracted to a
promoter, which is a special
sequence that signals the start
of the gene.

Answer 17

Transcription initiation

Question 18

enzymes unwind the DNA
double helix locally, and free
RNA nucleotides bond with
exposed complementary bases
on the DNA template strand.

Answer 18

Transcription elongation

Question 19

indicates where the gene’s
RNA-encoding region ends.

Answer 19

Terminator sequence

Question 20

part of mRNA rgar are removed

Answer 20

Introns

Question 21

part of mRNA that splices
together, which are then translated into
amino acid sequences or protein

Answer 21

Exons

Question 22

increases protein diversity. It is a mechanism of
combining exons of a gene in different
ways.

Answer 22

Alternate splicing

Question 23

encode the same amino acid

Answer 23

Synonymous amino acid

Question 24

encode different amino acids

Answer 24

Nonsynonymous codons

Question 25

help the correct conformation arise. they stabilize partially folded regions in their correct form, and prevent a protein from getting “stuck” in a useless intermediate form.

Answer 25

Chaperone proteins

Question 26

attaches to misfolded proteins and enables them to refold or escorts them to proteasomes for dismantling.

Answer 26

Ubiquitin

Question 27

is a tunnel-like multiprotein structure where protein with more than on tag is sent.

Answer 27

Proteasome

Question 28

It causes change in the amino acid sequence, wherein it alters the attractions and repulsions between parts of the protein, contorting it.

Answer 28

Mutations

Question 29

polypeptide's amino acid sequence.

Answer 29

Primary (1°) structure

Question 30

forms as amino acids close in the primary structure attract; may form loops, coils, barrels, helices, or sheets.

Answer 30

Secondary (2°) structure

Question 31

appears as more widely separated amino acids attract or repel in response to water molecules.

Answer 31

Tertiary (3°) structure

Question 32

forms when a protein consists of more than one polypeptide.

Answer 32

Quaternary (4°) structure