Genderlect Flashcards
What year did Robin Lakoff publish her book and what was it called?
1975, language and woman’s place
What did Robin Lakoff argue?
That language is fundamental to gender inequality as women’s language reflects and reinforces the subordinate role of a woman in a patriarchal society
What are 6 features that Robin Lakoff suggests are indicative of women’s speech?
- hedging
- lack of expletives
-tag questions - empty adjectives
- apologising more
- super polite forms
What are some criticisms of Robin Lakoff?
That her research is overgeneralised, outdated and based on folk linguistics
What did O’Barr and Atkinson conduct a study into and in what year?
Courtroom cases for 30 months, 1980’s
What did O’Barr and Atkinson find?
That language differences were based on situational power and authority rather than gender
What year did Deborah Tannen publish her book and what is it called?
1990, you just don’t understand
What did Deborah tannen suggest?
Differences in language were due to different purposes in conversations and she believed these had been reinforced since childhood
What 6 differennt purposes of conversation did Tannen suggest for men and women?
Status v support, advice v understanding, independence v intimacy, conflict v compromise, report v rapport, orders v proposals
How did Tannen collect her data?
By analysing friends, collecting naturally occurring conversations on tape, conducting interviews and compiling information from other researchers
What are some criticisms of Tannen?
Puts men and women in homogeneous groups- fails to account for individual differences
What was Zimmerman and Wests study and when was it?
Sex roles, interruptions and silences in conversations (31 everyday conversations in cafes and coffee shops) 1975
What did Zimmerman and Wests study find?
Males interrupted 96% (46 times) whereas females only 4% (2 times)
Also found males gave delayed minimal responses and talked more
What are some criticisms of Zimmerman and West?
Only chose coffee shops on a uni campus, only 11 mixed sex conversations,depends on relationships and individual personality, may be interrupting to show support
What did Beattie find about interruptions?
They were equal
Did Esther agree or disagree with Zimmerman and west after her study into family dynamics?
Agree
When did Pamela Fishman conduct her study?
1980’s
What data did Pamela fishman collect?
52 hours of pre-recorded conversation between young, heterosexual, white American married couples.
What were the main features Pamela fishman looked for?
Tag questions and use of phrase ‘you know’
What did Pamela fishman find?
Women use questions to gain conversational power (3x men’s usage) as men reply minimally o declarative statements, women also ‘shitworkers’ in routine interaction and conversation sometimes fails due to men’s response and lack of taking up women’s topic initiation.
What are some criticisms of Pamela Fishman?
Sample wasn’t inclusive, the couples could edit and delete certain parts of the clips
What was Shirley-hydes book and what year was this published?
The gender similarities hypothesis, 2005
How did shibley-Hyde collect her research?
46 meta analyses
