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AQA Alevel English Language- Paper 2 > World Englishes > Flashcards

World Englishes Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

What is diaspora?

A

A dispersal or spreading out from a central point.

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2
Q

What is level 1 diaspora?

A

Level 1: large scale migration of English speakers, becomes country’s first language.

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3
Q

What is level 2 diaspora?

A

Colonisation throughout 18th and 19th centuries, established 2nd language/ official language.

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4
Q

What is an example of a country with level 1 diaspora?

A

Australia

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5
Q

What is a country with level 2 diaspora?

A

Nigeria, Kenya.

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6
Q

What is EFL?

A

English as a foreign language.

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7
Q

What is ELF?

A

English as a Lingua Franca

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8
Q

What is ELF?

A

English as a Lingua Franca

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9
Q

What is a Lingua Franca?

A

A bridging language used as a common language by those whose native languages are different.

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10
Q

How many people are native english speakers?

A

400 million.

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11
Q

How many people speak English in some capacity?

A

2 billion (1/4 of the population)

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12
Q

What are the 2 main reasons that English is a widespread world language?

A
  • the British empire.
  • the rise of the USA as a world power.
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13
Q

Lingua Francas are necessary during international meetings. Give 2 examples where English is used as a Lingua Franca.

A
  1. The olympics.
  2. Air traffic control.
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14
Q

Why is the word ‘Englishes’ needed?

A

To reflect the reality of English as a global language and its variations.

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15
Q

Why do varieties of English develop quickly?

A
  • settlers want to communicate and share their experiences/ what they see.
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16
Q

What is a robot in South African English?

A

A traffic light.

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17
Q

What are the 2 reasons it may be difficult to understand a different variety of English?

A
  1. Borrowed words.
  2. Can be culturally specific language.
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18
Q

What is McArthurs model of world englishes?

A

A circle of world English sectioning different varieties and placing ‘world standard English’ in the centre.

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19
Q

When did McArthur propose his model?

A

1987.

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20
Q

What is a strength of McArthur’s model?

A

Seems to suggest all englishes are equal in value.

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21
Q

What is a weakness of McArthurs model?

A

We don’t have a ‘world standard’

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22
Q

What is Kachru’s circles of English?

A

Three concentric circles split into the inner, outer and expanding circle.

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23
Q

What are 3 countries in the inner circle?

A

USA, UK and Canada.

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24
Q

What are 3 countries in the outer circle?

A

India, Malaysia and Singapore.

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25
Q

What are 3 countries in the expanding circle?

A

China, Egypt and Japan.

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26
Q

What type of countries are in the expanding circle?

A

Those who speak English as a Lingua Franca.

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27
Q

What type of countries are in the outer circle?

A

Usually world Englishes.

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28
Q

What type of countries are in the inner circle?

A

Native speakers

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29
Q

What is a strength of kachrus circles?

A

They help to challenge the us and them theory.

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30
Q

What is a Weakness of kachrus theory?

A

Suggests the inner circle are more privileged or ‘better’

31
Q

Who created the dynamic model?

A

Schneider

32
Q

What are the 5 key stages of the dynamic model?

A

Foundation, Exonormative stabilisation, nativisation, endonormative stabilisation and differentiation.

33
Q

What is Schneiders foundation stage?

A

When English first appears In a non- English speaking territory

34
Q

What is Schneiders Exonormative stabilisation stage?

A

When English begins to be used

35
Q

What is Schneiders nativisation stage?

A

When English becomes more normalised and there is influence from within.

36
Q

What is Schneiders endonormative stabilisation stage?

A

When a country gains independence and forms its own standards.

37
Q

What is Schneiders differentiation stage?

A

When a new variety develops new social and regional variants.

38
Q

What diaspora does Canadian English belong to?

A

Level 1

39
Q

Which of Kachrus circles is Canadian English in ?

A

Inner circle

40
Q

What Is the current status of Canadian English?

A

It is one of Canadas 2 official languages along with French.

41
Q

What attitudes do Canadians have about Canadian English?

A

They think it is most like British English

42
Q

How do Canadians pronounce some vowel sounds?

A

Which a rounder mouth shapes eg: words such as “out” sound like “oot”

43
Q

Why was English spoken in Canada ?

A
  1. Colonialisation in 1763
  2. American migration following the American Revolution
44
Q

Is a Lingua Franca used for functional or social purposes?

A

Functional

45
Q

What are the 5 common characteristics of ELF listed by Jenkins?

A
  1. Mutually intelligible
  2. Alternative to EFL as serves a communication purpose
  3. Elements of standard English and local forms
  4. Accommodation and code switching
  5. Varying language proficiency
46
Q

What 3 linguistic features of ELF did Seidhofer identify

A
  1. Pluralisation of mass nouns
  2. Use of all purpose tag questions
  3. Omission of definite and indefinite articles eg: the, an, a
47
Q

What did Nerriere say about using English in business?

A

Japanese people find it easier to communicate with French people in English than speaking to native English speakers.

48
Q

In Mail online what did Saraceni say about English?

A

‘ it’s important the psychological umbilical cord linking English to its arbitrary centre in England is cut’

49
Q

What is Singlish?

A

A colloquial/ vernacular variety of Singapore English

50
Q

Why do the Singapore government like English?

A

They believe it gives them an economic advantage

51
Q

Why do the Singapore government think they need the speak good English movement?

A

They have no natural resources and so need ‘good English’ to keep a space on the world market.

52
Q

What are 2 linguistic features of singlish?

A
  1. Discourse particles
  2. Reduplication of adjectives
53
Q

Why does singlish change?

A

It’s not a fixed language and influences depend on the individual

54
Q

Why do some people not like singlish ?

A

They think it is unattractive, ungrammatical and informal

55
Q

What is a positive of the speak good English movement?

A

Helps exchange students.

56
Q

Why did the speak good English movement fail ?

A

Passion for language, fun and created identity.

57
Q

What is English seen as in China?

A

A tool of imperialism

58
Q

When did English start to be spoken in China?

A

1970’s

59
Q

When wasChina Daily established?

A

1981

60
Q

What does China believe English opens up for them?

A

Opportunities, culture, wealth and technology

61
Q

What caused a growing interest in English in China?

A

The arrival of multi-national companies

62
Q

The number of language schools grew rapidly in China. What is an example?

A

The Wall Street institute

63
Q

Who normally speaks English better in China, parents or children?

A

Children

64
Q

What variety of English is China shifting to and why?

A

American English as they see a lot of British English as outdated ( Victorian, RP)

65
Q

What are the concerns surrounding English in China?

A

That it may have negative effects on the Chinese language and identity.

66
Q

What are two examples pf linguistic feature of American English?

A
  1. Simplified lexis eg: color instead of colour.
  2. Using ‘like’ as a filler.
67
Q

What level diaspora is American English?

A

Level One.

68
Q

According to Kachru’s theory, what circle does American English belong to?

A

The inner circle.

69
Q

When did Noah Webster write the American dictionary of the English language?

A

1928

70
Q

Why did Noah Webster change so many spellings and lexemes in his dictionary?

A

To create a sense of American identity.

71
Q

When did colonisation begin in American

A

1607 in Jamestown, Virginia

72
Q

When was the American war of Independence?

A

1775- 1782.

73
Q

What attitude do prescriptivists have towards Americanisms?

A

See them as a corruption of the English language.

AQA Alevel English Language- Paper 2 (6 decks)

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