GENDER & WORK

Question 1

what is formal labor

Answer 1

A legal contract where income is reported to the government, usually an hourly wage or salary, or some kind of payment from which taxes can be taken - Men tend to dominate the formal labor sector

Question 2

what is informal labor

Answer 2

When there is no legal contract for work performed, not necessarily a set hourly wage or salary, and none of the income is reported to the government by the employer or employee - Women tend to dominate the informal labor sector

Question 3

what is the glass ceiling

Answer 3

Women are far less likely than men to have positions that involve exercising power and resources over individuals

Question 4

what is the maternal wall / motherhood penalty

Answer 4

Research shows mothers who work full-time are typically paid less than fathers and women who do not have children

Question 5

what is occupational gender segregation

Answer 5

The concentration of men and women into different occupations

Question 6

what are the Separate spheres

Answer 6

• Historically, men’s work sphere is in public, while women’s is in private - The breadwinner / homemaker construct
• Masculine vs. Feminine labor split between paid work vs. unpaid work
• Men: Public work = valued = paid
• Women: Private work = devalued = unpaid

Question 7

what is the gender pay gap

Answer 7

• compares the median annual earnings of
  women and mean who work full time, year-round
• In 2022, women were paid 18% less than what men were paid
• Put another way, women working full time, year-round were paid 82 cents per dollar than men working full time, year-round were paid