Gender Theorists Flashcards

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1
Q

Otto Jesperson (1922)

A

Deficit Approach

Women talk more, use half-finished sentences, use ‘and’, use too many adverbs and adjectives and have smaller vocabularies.

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2
Q

Robin Lakoff (1975)

A

Deficit Approach

Women speak less, use listening sounds, use hyper-correct grammar and exaggerated intonation, use more politeness features such as hedges, apologies, tag questions and empty adjectives.

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3
Q

Zimmerman and West (1975)

A

Dominance Approach

Study in University of California showed men used 46 interruptions and women only 2 in 11 conversations.

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4
Q

Geoffrey Beattie (1982)

A

Against Zimmerman and West’s study

Women and men interrupted the same amount.

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5
Q

Pamela Fishman (1980)

A

Dominance Approach

Women use tag questions to gain conversational power.

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6
Q

Deborah Tannen (1990)

A

Difference Approach

Independence vs. intimacy
Status vs. support
Information vs. feelings
Orders vs. proposals 
Advice vs. understanding Conflict vs. compromise
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7
Q

The University of California

A

Both men and women use uptalk, but women use it twice as much.

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8
Q

Uptalk

A

A speech pattern in which phrases and sentences habitually end with a rising sound

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9
Q

Long Island University

A

People judged women using vocal fry as less educated, competent, trustworthy, attractive and hireable than men who used it.

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10
Q

Geoffrey Leech (1936)

A

Marked terms and suffixes are trivialising to women.

Semantic derogation between marked terms ‘master’ and ‘mistress’

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11
Q

Julia Stanley (1977)

A

There are more words that apply only to men, and more positive words. 220 words to describe a promiscuous female, 20 a promiscuous male.

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12
Q

Koenraad Kuiper (1998)

A

Men’s competitive style is a way of achieving solidarity.

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13
Q

William Labov (1966)

A

New York Department Stores: women were more likely to use the ‘correct’ pronunciation of the ‘r’ phoneme in ‘floor’.

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14
Q

Mary Talbot (1997)

A

Synthetic Sisterhood: teenage magazine ‘Jackie’ creates an intimate relationship between the producer and audience, producing an imagined sisterhood.

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15
Q

Deborah Jones (1990)

A

House talk, scandal, bitching, chatting

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16
Q

Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger

A

Community of practise model:
Mutual engagement
Joint negotiated enterprise
Shared enterprise.

We all belong to multiple communities, and our gender may inform which we join.

17
Q

Jenny Cheshire

A

Girls are more likely to use prestige forms, especially ‘good girls’.

18
Q

Sapir-Wharf (1958)

A

An individual’s thoughts and actions are determined by the language that individual speaks.

19
Q

Muriel Shulz (1975)

A

There are more negative words for women because we live in a patriarchal society.

20
Q

Sara Mills (1995)

A

Many of the female terms are marked as indicative of sexual promiscuity.

21
Q

Janet Homes (1994)

A

Animal metaphors for women are pervasive.

22
Q

Dale Spender (1980)

A

Wrote ‘Man Made Language’ highlighting areas of sexism such as the word ‘man’ to mean all humans.

23
Q

Jane Sutherland (2004) RSCP

A

Gender discourses have certain functions: resistant, subversive, conservative or progressive.

They can be competing, dominant, co-existing or alternative.

24
Q

Erving Goffman

A

“the feminine touch” – use of women’s hands in advertising is dehumanising. Positioning of women in advertising promotes social roles.

25
Q

Raewyn Connell (1987)

A

“hegemonic masculinity”… Language associated with the idolised male group that is seen as having the most status and power in society.

26
Q

Kate Bornstein (1998)

A

Pyramid of Power: hegemonic, subordinate, complicit, marginalised

27
Q

Robin Lakoff (1973)

A

Claims that gay men deliberately “imitate” female speech.