Child Language Acquisition- Spoken Flashcards
B.F Skinner
Nurture
Language is a formed of learned behaviour, and children are formed as ‘blank slates’.
Noam Chomsky
Nature
Language is an innate ability, and all children have a Language Acquisition Device (LAD).
Lev Vygotsky
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Jerome Bruner
Social interaction; children need the LAD and LASS (Language Acquisition Support System)
Jean Piaget
Language comes with cognitive development e.g object permanence.
Jean Berko Gleason
The major finding of the wug test was that children have internalised aspects of the linguistic system that allow them to produce plurals, past tenses, possessives, and other forms of words that they have never heard before.
Holophrastic Stage
12-18 months
Single word utterances
Two-Word Stage
Around 2 years old
Two-word utterances and no inflections, pronouns are rare
Telegraphic Stage
3-4 word utterances, grammatical omission, more accurate syntax
Post-Telegraphic Stage
More than 3-4 word utterances
More sophisticated constructions and noun phrase expansions
Plosives and stops
(p, b) and (t, k, d, g)
Easiest to pronounce
Fricatives
(s, sh, z, th, f)
Most difficult to pronounce
Categorical over-extension
Child applies the same word to all items within the same category
Analogical over-extension
Child makes connections between items because they have similar characteristics e.g. calling socks, tea-towels and oven gloves ‘blankie’ because they are all made of fabric.
Under-extension
Child limits the way a word is used and doesn’t recognise its full meaning e.g. only milk that comes from a particular carton is called ‘milk’.
Mismatch statement
Labelling an object completely different to what it is e.g. calling a pond a duck
Features of Child-Directed Speech (CDS)
-Recasts and expansions
-Explicit turn-taking cues, repetition
-Higher pitch
-Fewer pronouns
-Present tense, omission of past and future tense
-One word/short elliptical sentences
-Fewer verbs/modifiers
-Concrete nouns
-Interrogatives, tag questions, pseudo questions
-Frequent use of imperatives
-Diminutive forms, proto-words
-Affectionate language, phatic language
diexis
Grice’s Maxims
quality, quantity, relation, manner
Halliday’s Language Functions
Instrumental Regulatory Interactional Personal Heuristic Imaginative Representational
Instrumental
Expresses their needs
Regulatory
Influences the behaviour of others
Interactional
Forms relationships
Personal
Expresses feelings or opinions
Heuristic
Seeks information and asks questions
Imaginative
Expresses creative language
Representational
Gives facts or information
