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Sex and Gender > Gender Relations > Flashcards

Gender Relations Flashcards

1
Q

What is the dichotomy presented in the Pandora story (Hes. Op. 60–105)?

A

Women are a crucial part of society but also a great burden and threat to mankind.

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2
Q

What does Cicero (de Off) say is the first close relationship a man has? What is his specific reasoning for the existence of this bond?

A

‘that between husband and wife’ (54)
the animalistic desire to reproduce

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3
Q

What does Cicero outline as the most noble bond a man can have?

A

a close friendship with a man of similar character

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4
Q

What are the two forms of propriety in appearance that Cicero (de Off) genders?

A

loveliness (female)
dignity (male)
(36)

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5
Q

What are the 6 elements of oikos management set out in the conversation between Socrates and Critobulus early in Xen’s Oeconomicus?

A

house building,
organizing belongings,
managing slaves,
farming land,
keeping horses,
training a wife (3)

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6
Q

What labouring makes men καλοί καγαθοι (good men) according to Socrates in Xen’s Oec (6.8)?

A

farming

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7
Q

Why is oikonomia a good thing for a greek man to understand according to Socrates? (2)

A

helps achieve a moral excellence
improves the citizenship value of a man

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8
Q

What greek word is used for a woman’s role in her oikos in Xen’s Oec?

A

hegemon (7)

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9
Q

What does Ischomachus outline as the purpose for training one’s wife?

A

maintaining and increasing the estate shared by the couple (7.13-15)

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10
Q

What is the main purpose of marriage according to Xen’s Oec?

A

to produce offspring, thus contributing to their community and race w the next generations (7.19)

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11
Q

What is the oikos likened to by Ischomachus in 7.32-35? His wife?

A

a bee hive
the queen bee

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12
Q

What are the 4 main responsibilities Ischomachus instructs his wife to undertake? (7.33-35)

A

organises the staff of the house in order that they are productive
oversees the produce coming in and being consumed
mothering
send others to do jobs out of the domestic space

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13
Q

What idea around gendered space does Ischomachus emphasise?

A

the divinely established complimentary roles for a married couple: women stays in the domestic space whilst the husband works outside of it (7.23)

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14
Q

What follows Ischomachus’ discussion on the training of his wife? Why could this be significant?

A

Description of how he as head of the household instructs his subordinates on the fields.
Suggests that the wife is alike to these labourers in her subordination to her husband.

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15
Q

When was the Gortyn (Cretan city) Great Code created? What form is it in?

A

5th cent BCE
large stone inscription

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16
Q

What are some of the important legal topics relevant to S&G within Gortyn Code? (4)

A

marriage and its dissolution rules
heiress institution
rape, seduction, and adultery laws
(more generally) the status of women in Gortyn

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17
Q

Regarding rape (section II), what was the worst form (greatest punishment) as seen in Gortyn? Least bad?

A

A slave raping a free man/woman. (200 stater fine)
A man raping a female servant whom he had already had sex with. (1 or 2 obol fine)

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18
Q

Regarding adultery (section III), what was the worst form (greatest punishment) as seen in Gortyn? Least bad?

A

A slave taking a free woman in the house of one of her male relatives. (200 staters)
A slave with a slave’s wife. (5 staters)

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19
Q

What was a woman entitled to upon her divorce in teh Gortyn Code? (4)

A

her dowry, half of any income that was produced from this, half of whatever she had woven whilst married, and (if she was dismissed by her husband) five staters (sum depended on judge if not)

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20
Q

What had to happen to babies born of a couple just divorced in the Gortyn Code(section VI)?

A

husband had to be informed or the baby had to die

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21
Q

What was the status of children if a free women marries a slave in Gortyn Code (XI)?

A

depends on which partner goes to the other:
slave going to free woman - children are free
free woman going to slave - children are slaves
(‘going to’ means live in the house of?)

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22
Q

What are the types of women outlined by Semonides in fragment 7?

A

sow - diorderly, unclean, overweight
vixen - wicked, clever, changeable moods
bitch - nosy, overtalkative
earth - unintelligent, all she knows is to eat
sea - changeable moods to an extreme extent
ass - obedient, keeps away from ppl, will accept any lover
weasel - high sex appetite, ugly, thieving
mare - avoids work, high sex appetite and forces husband to submit, beautiful but bad to live w
monkey - ugly to the point of humour, tricksy, selfish
bee - good housewife, attractive offspring, loving, modest

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23
Q

How does Semonides (fr7) refer to womankind?

A

‘the greatest plague that Zeus has created’

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24
Q

What is the best form of woman (only good one) as outlined by Semonides?

A

the bee

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25
Q

What does Lloyd-Jones argue Semonides was trying to achieve in fragment 7? Osborne? Morgan?

A

Entertain audience with satire.
Indicates the motivations behind the construction of patriarchy.
Exposes the deep seated reservations men had about women.

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26
Q

What was the ideal for a woman in A Greece?

A

good wife, untroublesome

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27
Q

In what sphere of behaviour were gender relations primarily constructed in ancient world?

A

marriage

28
Q

What was the average age for women going into marriage in Anc G? Men?

A

14-15 yrs
c30 yrs

29
Q

What is the matter at hand in Lysias 1?

A

Euphiletos was defendant; charged on murder of Eratosthenes, after he caught Eratosthenes w his wife; defence = justifiable homicide

30
Q

What protects Euphiletos in terms of laws about adultery?

A

now lost laws referred to in the speech that appear to protect men willing to punish others who violated their wives

31
Q

What is the bias problem we have in the sources for gender relations?

A

much of it is Athenian, there are indications different states had different

32
Q

What does Pomeroy interpret the function of anc G marriage to have been?

A

economic

33
Q

What is one main difference between Ath and Sp gender rels? Significance?

A

girls and boys educated together up to a point
that would have been a key sphere of interaction and behaviours and an environment in which education as to the matter would have happened

34
Q

What was the function of the laudatio turiae? What was its contents? Unique about it as a source?

A

dedicated to the memory of a woman, based on ideals of women in Roman world, likely written and/or delivered by her husband at the graveside
Description of exceptional events and the determination and aptitude with which she faced it; Length and concordia of their marriage; Her adoption of more masculine characteristics and efforts in political sphere; Fundamentally her morality as a woman and strength in loyalty to her husband.
Longest preserved R inscrip

35
Q

What was the function of the laudatio murdiae? What was its contents?

A

Eulogy to mother by her first son as an expression of posthumous honour
Long discussion of Murdia’s management of her inheritance from two marriages; Praise for her fairness in treatment of three sons, one being form an earlier marriage (the laudator), and her one daughter; Female virtues are celebrated, almost with despair at being so conventional.

36
Q

What models of female ideals are seen in the inscribed laudationes funebris for women?

A

Exceptional wife
Loyalty, to the extent of showing masculine characteristics in public sphere
Good Mother

37
Q

What does Aristotle say on the relationship betw men and women?

A

‘male is by nature superior and the female inferior; and the one rules and the other is ruled’

38
Q

What was the primary function of marriage in Roman society?

A

reproduction

39
Q

Who does Pliny the Younger address in his letter talking of his wife? What are the virtues he highlights?

A

Calpurnia Hispulla, her aunt
-intelligent
-‘careful housewife’
-devotion
-interest in his work
-musical ability

40
Q

What does Plutarch say is the most useful wife? Ref?

A

one that becomes a likeness of her husband in her character
Moralia - Advice to bride and groom

41
Q

What does Menander say on the education of women?

A

“A man who teaches a woman to write should recognise that he is providing poison to an asp.”
(fragment from 4th cent BCE)

42
Q

How is gender (genos, more synonymous to modern ‘sex’) understood in Hesiod?

A

there are two, so distinct as to be understood as races or even one race joined by women associated with being human

43
Q

What does Plato say on the origins of the two sexes? Signif?

A

Men, and men only, were created by the Gods. Women only produced from men who could not discipline their bodies in nurturing the soul.
Indicates women are secondary and subordinate to their bodies in an uncontrollable manner

44
Q

What does Aristotle criticise about what he knows of Spartan women?

A

-license/licentiousness of the women especially with regards to luxury
-wealth is highly valued
-management of the men by the women esp in period of 404-371
-influenced the state, even in big decisions
-high numbers of w owning property
-shortage/decline of male citizens from 7th-4th cents
-policy to bear male offspring to solve population probs rather than even distrib of land (Aristotle’s suggestion)

45
Q

Why does Aristotle spend so much time talking of Spartan women?

A

he believes they are one of the crucial causes of failures in the Spartan state

46
Q

What does Aristotle blame for the lack of restriction on spartan women?

A

they convinced Lykurgos to not mould laws around them whilst the men were away fighting SO blaming the women themselves

47
Q

In Rhetoric, what does Aristotle outline as the characteristics he/men most value in women?

A

bodily beauty
sexual control and modesty
hard working

48
Q

Why does Aristotle emphasise female property ownership in Sparta to such a degree?

A

it could translate to political power (not necessarily true however)

49
Q

What was arrangement for a new married couple in Sparta?

A

they could not cohabit whilst the man was under 30
meetings were done under cover of darkness until the wife had a baby (could have been a sort of trial period)

50
Q

How exclusive were Spartan marriages likely to have been?

A

Sources that attest to unusual ‘spartan way’ claim they were not at all monogamous BUT there is contemporary evidence attesting to an absence of such
in any case, non-citizen extramarital affairs by a citizen would not have counted

51
Q

What does Xenophon say on the arrangement of a particular marriage in Sparta? Signif?

A

old man had a young wife; he brought a younger attractive man into his household in order that his wife make children w him
Based on idea of virtuous/athletic men producing strong seed, and prioritising legitimate and virtuous offspring.

52
Q

What appears to have poss been a replacement for female prostitutes in light of a signif absence of evidence for their presence in Sparta?

A

sexual engagements w helot women

53
Q

In what ways are women defined through men around them in their representation on attic grave stelae?

A

family scenes show them within oikos
jewellery poss represent dowry
epitaphs refer to the men around them

54
Q

How does Leader understand the value of funerary art (stelae specif) in understanding social attitudes/ideals?

A

‘Retrospective funerary art becomes an opportunity to articulate the society’s ideals of life’

55
Q

In regard to representational intentions, why were stelae conventionalised?

A

they were conforming to ideals and ideology of the living society

56
Q

Why were stelae showing women generative of social tension?

A

women generally excluded from public space in spirit and presence

57
Q

What are the two pertinent conflicts caused by a stele’s public and private functions?

A

women: ideal is private vs presentation in public
private commemoration vs civic

58
Q

What are the three types of scene women feature in on attic grave stelae?

A

single (sometimes w an attendant)
couple (whether that be husband or not)
family

59
Q

In what way was the inclusion of the chair in female stelae and male stelae diff?

A

female - connoted domestic setting and place for the woman in life
male - often the man is older (wiser etc) and holding a staff alluding to his public role. Sense of him CHOSING to be in domestic setting, whilst the women have less choice.

60
Q

What do we believe to have poss been part of a dowry? What did a dowry represent for the girl’s role in her getting married?

A

money, furniture, moveables (likely of precious metals if can afford e.g. jewellery)
Economic contribution/value (to an extent HER value) to her new husband and their life.

61
Q

What are the themes of female stelae epigraphs?

A

goodness of the woman
lack of vanity/adornment
ideas of arete and sophrosyne

62
Q

When did family stelae scenes emerge?

A

from c350 BCE

63
Q

In what way were gender relations presented differently in a. single stelae and b. couple/family stelae?

A

a. sense of exclusion of the women especially, possibly to be interp as exclusion in public/polis setting
b. unity of oikos and woman’s important new role

64
Q

Why would the oikos be a better setting for gender equality than public sphere?

A

both men and women in the oikos have united goal: smooth running and building a family

65
Q

In what ways was roman marriage different to our modern conception?

A

more SOCIAL institution rather than legal; not all marriage was legally recognised - iniustrum matrimonium married relationship exists but the union is not fully recognised in R law vs iustrum matrimonium

66
Q

characteristics BOTH turia and murdia are celebrated for in their ladationes

A

modesty, sexual morality and chastity, obedience, considerateness and diligence, wool-working/weaving, trustworthy

Sex and Gender (12 decks)

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