gender-related issues

Question 1

what are differences with testosterone between genders?

Answer 1

male have more testosterone

• initiated be GnRH in hypothalamus
• FSH & LH from pituitary activate genes inside tesitcular laydig cells (testes) to produce testosterone

Question 2

why is exercise prescribed after menopause?

Answer 2

help maintain bone mineral density due to reduce health issues

Question 3

what are IAAF/IOC testosterone regulations?

Answer 3

females: 3.1 nmol/L
males: 35 nmol/L
- reduce blood testosterinf level below 5 nmol/L for a continuous period of at least 6 months

Question 4

explain muscular system between genders

Answer 4

male have more muscle tissue due to more testosterone

• the actual muscle tissue is the same between genders

Question 5

what are the differences for cardiovascular system between genders?

Answer 5

hemoglobin content

• lower in females = reduce capacity to transport o2

stroke volume

• slightly smaller in female due to smaller hearts

Question 6

what is absolute ve relative difference in respiratory systems?

Answer 6

absolute = males have higher spirometry than females

relative = aboout the same spirometry because of height difference

Question 7

what are meteabolic differences between genders?

Answer 7

VO2 max

• lower in females due to hemoglobin difference

lactate production

• peak lactate levels are higher in men due to more hemoglobin

Question 8

who does fat free mass increase less in females?

Answer 8

testosterone

Question 9

what are chronic changes in strength between genders?

Answer 9

both increase in strength early on due to neuromuscular adaptations

gap develops due to hypertrophy from elevated testosterone in males

Question 10

why do females obtain a greater percentage of energy from fatty acids?

Answer 10

more estrogen = higher body fat percentage

beneficial for longer duration activites

Question 11

how does menstrual cycles affect exercise?

Answer 11

cramps, bloating, bleeding

• take birth control before competition

changes in connective tissues

amennorrhea/dysmenorrhea

• absence or abnormal menstrual cycle

Question 12

hoe does pregnancy effect exercise?

Answer 12

2 concerns:

1) decreased fetal blood flow
- blood being redirected to muscles
2) increased core temperature
- fetal hyperthermia

recommendations

• non-weight bearing due to sig. weight gain = joint problems
• avoid supine position = additional weight from fetus can produce blood flow around heart

Question 13

how does osteoporosis effect exercise?

Answer 13

3 main causes

1) estrogen deficiency = increase in osteopenia
- post menopause
2) reduced calcium intake
- more suseptable to lactose intolerance
3) reduced physical activity

Question 14

explain the order of density between runners, cyclists, and swimmers

Answer 14

runners have the denses lower body bone due to impact forces on bines, cyclists were second due to stronger the muscles get, the more foce on bones

Question 15

what two main criteria increases bone density?

Answer 15

1) impact forces
2) muscle strength (pulling forces)

Question 16

how does thermoregulation effect exercise?

Answer 16

sweat production lower in females

• we store more water in muscle tissue.. women have less muscle tissue than makes