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Gender & Psychopathology > Gender & Psychopathology WKs 2-3 > Flashcards

Gender & Psychopathology WKs 2-3 Flashcards

1
Q

Is the prevalence of mood disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and borderline personality disorder greater in men or women or similar? ? How much likelier is it that one sex will have it than the other?

A

Women are 2x more likely to have mood disorders than men.

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2
Q

Is the prevalence of ADHD, ODD, CD and Autism greater in men or women or similar? How much likelier is it that one sex will have it than the other?

A

Men are 3x more likely to have these disorders than women.

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3
Q

Is the prevalence of Antisocial Personality Disorder greater in men or women or similar?

A

Men

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4
Q

What is the period & lifetime prevalence of mood disorders in women?

A

period - 7%

lifetime - 14%

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5
Q

What is the period & lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders in women?

A

period - 9%

lifetime - 18%

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6
Q

What is the peak age of onset for depressive disorders?

A

14

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7
Q

What is the median age of onset for ADHD, ODD, & CD?

A

5-7 years

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8
Q

What is the peak age of onset for some anxiety disorders?

A

13

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9
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence rate of depressive disorders (in gen. pop?)

A

20%

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10
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence rate of anxiety disorders (in gen. pop?)

A

30%

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11
Q

What percentage of the population do anxiety & depressive disorders co-occur in?

A

50%

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12
Q

What is the period prevalence and lifetime prevalence of substance use disorders in men?

A

Period - 8%

Lifetime - 17%

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13
Q

What percentage of men do ADHD, ODD & CD co-occur in?

A

30-50%

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14
Q

What are the steps of the 2-step method of psychiatric epidemiology?

A

Step 1 - Screening (self-report survey)

Step 2 - Structured diagnostic interview (clinical assessment)

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15
Q

What kind of sample do epidemiological studies try to get? Community or clinical?

A

Community

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16
Q

Is the prevalence of Bipolar Disorder greater in men or women, or similar?

A

Similar prevalence but DIFF PHENOMENOLOGY

Women more likely to experience depressive pole & less likely to have only mania. Women more prone to rapid cycling.

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17
Q

Is the prevalence of Schizophrenia greater in men or women, or similar?

A

Similar prevalence but DIFF PHENOMENOLOGY

Women more likely to have mood symptoms, positive symptoms, & psychotic symptoms than men

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18
Q

What are 2 disorders that have similar prevalence but different phenomenology in men and women?

A

Schizophrenia & Bipolar disorder.

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19
Q

What are 2 disorders that have different prevalence but similar clinical symptoms?

A

Anorexia - onset earlier in women (mid adolescence) than men (early adulthood)
Agoraphobia.

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20
Q

What did the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study do?

A

Showed the feasibility of the lay-administered diagnostic interview in a 1 step survey, rather than the 2 step method.

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21
Q

What did the World Mental Health Survey Initiative (WMHS) do?

A

Coordinated mental health surveys across 28 countries and implemented standardized procedures and international concurrent reappraisal studies to validate diagnoses.

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22
Q

What is the period and lifetime prevalence of mood disorders in men?

A

Period - 4%

Lifetime - 7%

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23
Q

What is the period and lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders in men?

A

Period - 4%

Lifetime - 10%

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24
Q

What is the period and lifetime prevalence of substance use disorder in men?

A

Period - 8%

Lifetime - 17%

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25
Q

What is the period and lifetime prevalence of substance use disorder in women?

A

Period - 2%

Lifetime - 5%

26
Q

According to Yonkers et al., what are the 3 Clinical validators of diagnoses?

A

Symptom expression (phenomenology), course, and treatment.

27
Q

According to Yonkers et al., what is phenomenology?

A

prevalence and clinical symptom expression

28
Q

According to Yonkers et al., what is illness course?

A

longitudinal and long-term outcome of the condition. enables us to predict who is more likely to exp remission & recovery and who will stay ill.

29
Q

According to Yonkers et al., what is treatment seeking?

A

How likely one sex is to seek out treatment and what type of treatment they will seek.

30
Q

According to Yonkers et al., what is an external validator?

A

one of several variables that may help determine whether different syndromes constitute the same disorder or not

31
Q

According to Yonkers et al., in which sectors are women more likely to seek treatment than men?

A

General medical services, human services (social services, clergy) and support networks (suppork groups and social networks)

32
Q

According to Yonkers et al., which sector has no sex difference in treatment seeking?

A

Specialty mental health services

33
Q

What are the 3 types of prevalence?

A

Point, period, and lifetime

34
Q

What are the pros and cons of studying incidence?

A

Pro: helps determine the cause/course of illness
Con: expensive to study

35
Q

What is a gold standard?

A

Gold standard is something that proves reliability.

36
Q

What are the 2 primary heuristic categories of psychopathology?

A

Externalizing and internalizing disorders

37
Q

According to Widiger, What are the pros of gender-neutral diagnostic criteria?

A

Differential sex prevalence rates, etiology, course, and pathology are readily inferred from the valid application of these criteria sets within probability based community samples. Helps avoid gender-biased diagnoses.

38
Q

According to Widiger, what is a gender-biased diagnosis and what might it be attributed to?

A

Gender-biased dx is the misapplication of the dx to one gender more than the other.

Could be attributed to errors in application of the criterion sets, biased assessment instruments, gender impact on symptom reporting, treatment seeking, or participant sampling

39
Q

According to Widiger, what are 3 examples of gender biased diagnoses?

A

Somatization disorder in DSM-IV has 3 sex specific criteria for women and 1-sex specific criteria for men.

Conduct disorder dx criteria includes aggressive (externalizing) behaviors that are more likely to be diagnosed in boys rather than relational aggression which is more subtle and occurs more in girls.

Dependent Personality Disorder singles out ways that women express dependency but not men (e.g. domineering/controlling behavior, order others to help)

40
Q

According to Widiger, what are the cons of gender-neutral diagnostic criteria?

A

Difficult to develop gender neutral diagnostic criteria that apply equally well, or are equally valid for both sexes
Eg. somatization disorder (physical symptoms like painful menstruation or pregnancy can’t be equally valid for both sexes).

41
Q

According to Kendler, what are the 4 approaches to the philosophy of nosology?

A

Realism, nominalism, social constructivism, and pragmatism.

42
Q

According to Kendler, what is Realism?

A

psychiatric disorders are clear and distinct, real things out there in the world for us to discover

43
Q

According to Kendler, what is nominalism?

A

roughly suggests categories like psychiatric disorders are not real but rather entirely human creations

44
Q

According to Kendler, what is social constructivsm?

A

more specifically suggests that these human-created categories are, in the extreme, entirely the result of socio-cultural processes. They are not independent things that exist in nature. They are invented rather than discovered

45
Q

According to Kendler, what is pragmatism?

A

a position btwn realism & nominalism and/or social constructivism. Aims to avoid metaphysical debates about the true nature of psychiatric illness and get on w/designing a system that best does what we want it to – predict course, related to treatment response and/or reflect neurobiological or genetic risk factors.

46
Q

According to Kendler, what is essentialism?

A

usually part of “realism”, psych disorders have crisp clean essences like elements on the periodic table, so once you know the essence you know just about everything else you need to know about the diagnosis.

47
Q

According to Kendler, what is one major problem with etiological psychiatric nosology?

A

there is no consensus on which etiology (e.g. molecular, neural, psychological, social, & cultural) is the best one to base diagnoses on.

48
Q

According to Kendler, what are the 2 potential types of psychiatric nosology that could be in the DSM?

A

descriptive and etiological.

49
Q

Who is more likely to complete suicide? Men or women? How much likelier?

A

Men are 3-5x more likely than women to complete suicide.

50
Q

How many years younger are men likely to die than women?

A

7 years

51
Q

Is the prevalence of substance abuse greater in men or women or similar? ? How much likelier is it that one sex will have substance abuse than the other?

A

Men are 2x as likely to suffer from substance abuse than women.

52
Q

According to Addis et al, what are the 4 philosophical paradigms of gender (and masculinity)?

A

Psychodynamic, social learning, social constructionist, and feminist

53
Q

According to Addis et al, what is the psychodynamic paradigm of gender (and masculinity)?

A

this approach focuses on early childhood, where boys are prematurely disidentified from their mothers, leaving them with severely repressed emotional needs of intimacy and connection to others. NOT empirically verified.

54
Q

According to Addis et al, what is the social learning paradigm of gender (and masculinity)?

A

Realist ontology, Positivist epistemology, quantitative methods approach. all gendered behaviors, beliefs and attitudes are learned from social environments through reinforcement, punishment, modeling, and acquisition of gendered schemas.

55
Q

According to Addis et al, what is the social constructionist paradigm of gender (and masculinity)?

A

Nonpositivist, postmodern, constructionist epistemology, qualitative methods approach. Highlights the diff ways gender is actively constructed at various social levels from the micro-interactional or dyadic to the cultural. Diff from social learning in that individuals are NOT respondents to processes of reinforcement and punishment, but rather active agents who construct particular meanings of masculinity in particular social constructs.

56
Q

According to Addis et al, what is the feminist paradigm of gender (and masculinity)?

A

Nonpositivist, postmodern, constructionist epistemology, qualitative methods approach. similar to social constructionist, but places power diffs btwn men and women at the central to any analysis of gender. masculinity cannot be understood apart from mens’ privileged place in the social order.

57
Q

What is ontology?

A

The nature of the reality of the world.

58
Q

What is positivism?

A

epistomology in which there is a world out there that is separate from me and we can develop tools to measure it. If I want to understand schizophrenia I can try to measure and understand the things, the brain, etc.

59
Q

Qualitative constructivists​

A

want to interview people, observe, observe natural dialogue in the environment.

60
Q

Constructivist ontology ​

A

The world is made up of stories and how one perceives the world. The world does not exist separate from how you make sense of it. Interpretations and stories make meaning.

61
Q

Realistic ontology ​

A

The world is made up of elementary particles and energy and matter that can actually be measured such as in psychopathology. The world is there it is real, can be measured, and not just constructed in our minds! The world is separate from me and therefore we can measure things (genes, parts of your brain with an MRI, neurotransmitters, the psychopathology of disorders using measurements).

62
Q

paradigm

A

a way of looking at the world; particularly in science the way you look at the world that you bring into approaching a problem and its explanation

Gender & Psychopathology (5 decks)

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