Gender & Psychopathology WK 6 Flashcards
What are the 4 requirements for any disorder to be in DSM-5?
Is distinct from other disorders, has antecedent validators, concurrent validators, and predictive validity
What is an antecedent validator? Give an example of one.
Antecedent validators are factors that happen prior to onset of disorder such as familial aggregation, presence in diverse pops, and environmental risk factors. PMDD is not culture bound and is present in diverse populations around the world (US, Canada, Europe, India, Japan)
What is a concurrent validator? Give 2 examples.
Concurrent validators are factors occurring at the same time as the disorder, such as cognitive and temperament correlates, biological markers, and a certain comorbidity profile.
Cognitive - boys w/GD perform relatively poorly on visual spatial tasks taken from standard IQ tests
Physical - boys w/GD have lower parent reported activity levels than control boys, whereas girls w/GD have a higher parent reported activity level than control girls.
What is a predictive validator? Give an example
validity w/respect to dx stability, predictability of course of illness, and response to tx. Discontinuation of meds shows a resurgence of the same symptoms. The majority of women w/PMDD stop having symptoms after menopause.
What is the prevalence of PMDD?
2-5%
What are 2 reasons that PMDD should be included in the DSM-5?
without clear diagnostic boundaries for PMDD, symptoms may be dismissed and cases may be missed by providers. Also, strict criteria will prevent over-diagnosis of mild cases. Lastly, inclusion of PMDD in DSM-5 may further facilitated development of meds for tx and additional research on the cause.
What are some objections to PMDD being included in the DSM-5?
It pathologizes normal reproductive functioning and stigmatizes women.
Name 2 effective pharmaceutical treatments for PMDD
SSRIS and gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH)
What is Ussher’s hypothesis on PMDD and feminism?
PMDD or PMS are examples of normal female behavior which is construed by society as “madness” resulting in women adopting or being given a psychiatric diagnosis.
According to Ussher, how many women meet a dx of PMDD or PMS each month?
PMDD: 8-13%, PMS: 75%
What are 4 findings from Ussher’s article on a feminist perspective of PMDD?
50% of women in straight relationships (and none in lesbian relationships) gave accounts of self sacrifice and self silencing 3 wks of the month, and found it harder to do so when they had PMS.
women with a career and childrearing responsibilities report the highest level of premenstrual distress
50% of the straight women said their male partners didn’t accept the legitimacy of premenstrual change.
2/3 of the straight sample reported lack of practical support (especial. those w/children) while they had pms.
What did the twin study show us about PMDD?
in a study spanning 6 years, findings showed a remarkable stability of symptoms btwn the 1st and 2nd assessments. the heritability of the stable component of premenstrual symptoms at 56% and showed no impact of family environment factors
86% of the genetic variance and 88% of the environmental variance for premenstrual symptoms were not shared with MDD
how is PMDD different from other disorders?
pattern of symptom expression (same part of mens cycle every month)
psych symptoms most commonly reported are mood lability and irritability, rather than depressed mood or anhedonia
physical symptoms such as bloating & breast tenderness are unique to pmdd
