Gender Inequalities

Question 1

What discussion/change did the 1st wave of feminism provoke?

Answer 1

1) Higher education for girls
2) Suffragettes allowing women to vote
3) Ability to divorce under certain circumstances

Question 2

When did the 1st wave of feminism occur?

Answer 2

Mid 1800’s

Question 3

What discussion/change did the 2nd wave of feminism provoke?

Answer 3

1) Sense of ‘sisterhood’
2) Equal pay for equal work
3) Contraception and abortion

Question 4

When did the 2nd wave of feminism occur?

Answer 4

1960’s

Question 5

What did Anne Oakley believe?

Answer 5

Manipulation and canalisation are the causes of inequality in society.

Question 6

Why did the 3rd wave of feminism occur?

Answer 6

Due to the lack of inclusivity for lower class, and ethnic minority women.

Question 7

What differentiated the 4th wave of feminism from the rest?

Answer 7

The ability to use the internet as a tool to spread awareness of inequality and bring together more feminists.

Question 8

What are liberal feminists?

Answer 8

1) Feminists who acknowledge the previous success and believe the movement is still progressing.
2) Work to overcome inequality via social and legal reform.

Question 9

What are Marxist feminists?

Answer 9

Feminists who believe the social classes in capitalist societies are the sole reason that women have different life chances.

Question 10

What are radical feminists?

Answer 10

1) Believe the changes made are not sufficient enough to be acknowledged.
2) Encourage political lesbianism as they believe men enforce heterosexuality to exploit women and their reproductive purposes.

Question 11

What did Millett believe?

Answer 11

Biological factors create inequality in society e.g. pregnancy forcing maternity leave.

Question 12

How many women lose their job every year due to the time they have to spend off during their pregnancy?

Answer 12

30,000

Question 13

What is manipulation during the nurturing of a child?

Answer 13

Embedding and therefore continuing gender stereotypes via colours, certain toys and activities.

Question 14

What did Delphy and Leonard believe?

Answer 14

The family was an institution that played a major part in the oppression of women in society.

Question 15

What stereotypes did the family create?

Answer 15

1) The ‘Head of House’ and his dependants.
2) Women dominate domestic tasks.
3) Women are to be used for their reproductive purposes.

Question 16

What percentage of people in poverty are women?

Answer 16

70%

Question 17

What negative effects can the family life stereotypes have on males?

Answer 17

Pressure on fathers to provide income, which leads to unhealthy competition in the workplace.

Question 18

What did Mac and Ghaill discover?

Answer 18

The ‘crisis of masculinity’ lead to the 15 year high of male suicides.

Question 19

How much more likely were girls to attend University than boys?

Answer 19

1/3 more likely.

Question 20

What is the difference in male and female pensions?

Answer 20

£64,000 and £34,000

Question 21

What did Johnson’s study show?

Answer 21

Patriarchal terrorism via domestic violence was used to further enforce power.

Question 22

What percentage of women experience domestic abuse in their lifetime?

Answer 22

30%

Question 23

What did Murdock believe?

Answer 23

Inequality was biologically determined in regards to women being physically less able/weaker.

Question 24

What is the ‘human capital theory’?

Answer 24

The amount of knowledge and skills someone has is due to their training and education, which effects your income. Men have more knowledge and skills so should have a higher capital.

Question 25

What did Barron and Norris define the primary labour market as?

Answer 25

The high paying jobs done that are done by those with larger incomes and better quality of life.

Question 26

What did Barron and Norris define the secondary labour market as?

Answer 26

The lower paying jobs that were often ‘hands on’ and led to people living in poverty.

Question 27

What is horizontal segregation ?

Answer 27

Where the workforce is majorly made up of one gender e.g. construction being dominated by males.

Question 28

What is vertical segregation?

Answer 28

Where the workforce is made up of both genders which then leads to gender inequalities e.g. gender pay gap.

Question 29

What theory did Sylvia Walby introduce?

Answer 29

Intersectionality (1980’s)

Question 30

Define intersectionality.

Answer 30

Combination of discrimination across all disadvantaged groups (women, lower class, ethnic minorities) creates a large, unequal society.

Question 31

What are Walby’s 6 patriarchal structures?

Answer 31

1) Paid employment
2) Household
3) State
4) Culture
5) Sexuality
6) Violence

Question 32

What did Walby believe were ‘gender transformations’?

Answer 32

Toleration of gender discrimination changing over generations e.g. younger girls more likely to speak out against oppression so wont be as much of victims to patriarchy then older women.

Question 33

What did Catherine Hakim believe?

Answer 33

Women are not as committed to their career as men are.

Question 34

How did Ginn criticise Hakim?

Answer 34

Ginn: The employers caused social inequalities and demotivation in the workplace.

Question 35

What were Hakim’s 3 lifestyle preferences?

Answer 35

1) Home-centred
2) Adaptive
3) Work-centred

Question 36

How many women lose out on promotions every year due to pregnancy?

Answer 36

440,000

Question 37

What did Fran Ansley believe?

Answer 37

Women were ‘shit takers’ and absorbed men’s anger directed towards capitalism. (Domestic abuse)