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Sociology Paper 2 > Ethnicity Inequalties > Flashcards

Ethnicity Inequalties Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the average unemployment rate for white citizens in the UK?

A

8%

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2
Q

What is the average unemployment rate for black, Pakistani and Bangladeshi citizens in the UK?

A

20%

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3
Q

Who proposed the idea of the ‘concrete ceiling’?

A

Davidson (1997)

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4
Q

Explain what is meant by the term ‘concrete ceiling’.

A

An impenetrable barrier that ethnic minorities face in the workplace that causes lack of intragenerational mobility.

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5
Q

What did the National Equality Panel find is the difference in wealth of white and Bangladeshi citizens?

A

£221,000 and £15,000

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6
Q

What did Rowlingson and McKay discover?

A

White British have better pay and experience than ethnic minorities in the same position.

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7
Q

What did Sedghi discover?

A

Ethnic minorities such as Chinese and Indians perform better in education but face inequalities in employment.

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8
Q

What is the pay gap between White British and Bangladeshi people in London?

A

29%

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9
Q

What specific group of religious minorities are discriminated against in the workplace?

A

Muslim women due to their hijabs/burkas. (Wood)

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10
Q

What did the Runnymede Report find?

A

Ethnic minorities are 3x more likely to experience poverty in the UK than White British.

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11
Q

What did Evandrou discover?

A

60% of elderly Pakistani and Bangladeshi citizens are in poverty.

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12
Q

Who proposed the ‘host-immigration’ model?

A

Patterson (female functionalist)

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13
Q

What does Patterson believe are the three causes of ethnic inequalities?

A

1) Host is fearful that immigrants would bring social change
2) Host has to compete for jobs and housing
3) Immigrants fail to assimilate

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14
Q

What are the three stages of immigration?

A

1) Accommodation = minimal adaption
2) Integration = socialising outside of work
3) Assimilation = full and innate acceptance

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15
Q

What do Postmodernists and Marxists say about the host-immigration model?

A

1) Postmodernists: Britain is multicultural and diversity should be celebrated, not assimilated.
2) Marxists: Assimilation is an idealistic goal that is impossible to achieve because of capitalism.

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16
Q

How did Weber believe the market situation affects wages?

A

White British have a better market situation and so receive better paying jobs.

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17
Q

What did Weber define as a ‘party’?

A

Any group that forms and gains power.

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18
Q

Give an example of a party, as defined by Weber.

A

Trade Unions

19
Q

How do trade unions fail ethnic minorities?

A

Dominated by White British`

20
Q

What did Weber believe segregated minorities from the majority?

A

Culture and economics.

21
Q

Why is Weber’s explanation for racial inequalities good?

A

Shows there are other ways to segregate societies other than just economically.

22
Q

Why is Weber’s explanation criticised?

A

He doesn’t discuss which method of segregation is the most important or most damaging.

23
Q

What did Barron and Norris believe hasn’t worked as effectively as it should have?

A

The Race Relation Act of 1976

24
Q

What did Rex and Tomlinson believe?

A

Ethnic minorities have created an even lower underclass.

25
Q

What did Cox believe?

A

White people created the concept of race through them also creating capitalism.

26
Q

What is a criticism of Cox?

A

Racism exists in other social constructs.

27
Q

What did Castle and Kosack believe?

A

Immigrants occupy low skill and low pay jobs so ruling class can ‘scapegoat’ them.

28
Q

What is a criticism of Castle and Kosack?

A

There are over 5000 Muslim millionaires in the Britain.

29
Q

What did Miles believe?

A

Nationalism means people see their nation as superior and should be protected so discriminate immigrants e.g. EDL

30
Q

What is a criticism of Miles?

A

Trade Unions protect rights of ethnic minorities.

31
Q

How does the Morecombe Bay tragedy show racial inequalities in modern societies?

A

Immigrants are given illegal and low paying jobs as they are concentrated in the Reserve Army of Labour.

32
Q

How do black feminists support intersectionality?

A

Seen as the followers of feminism because the white women aren’t oppressed via a crossover so have more power.

33
Q

What did black feminist Abbott believe?

A

Feminism was ethnocentric on whites as they believed black women should add their own inequalities on separate documents rather than add it to the movement.

34
Q

What did black feminist Mirza believe?

A

Black feminists make a good contribution to the theory as they provide a new way of thinking because of their dissimilar experiences that make them strong and proud.

35
Q

What did black feminist Connell believe?

A

Linked black feminism and postcolonialism as colonisation occurred in places of ethnic minority origination.

36
Q

What is a criticism of Abbott?

A

The Race Relation Act allows all ethnicities to have equal opportunities to speak.

37
Q

What is a criticism of Mirza?

A

The ‘concrete ceiling’ diminishes this pride.

38
Q

What is a criticism of Connell?

A

Overemphasises colonialism rather than current inequalities being faced.

39
Q

What 2 things did New Right thinker Charles Murray believe about ethnic inequalities?

A

1) Young black youth were poorly socialised and so created inequalities for themselves.
2) Majority of SPF were people of colour and so created dysfunctional and unsuccessful children.

40
Q

What is a criticism of Murray?

A

Marxists believe this approach lacked sympathy and ignored the role that capitalism had to play.

41
Q

What did New Right thinker Sewell believe about ethnic minorities?

A

Young black boys lack male role models so go into gang culture and become lawless and unsuccessful.

42
Q

What are 3 criticisms of Sewell?

A

1) Blames the abandonment of fathers out of cruelty and ignores other factors.
2) Disregards the oppression of capitalism and slavery, both British Institutions.
3) Role models can be found elsewhere via other relatives or in the media.

43
Q

What did Dodd suggest?

A

Employers often favoured applications who had a white-sounding name.

Sociology Paper 2 (5 decks)

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