gender identities

Question 1

femininity definition

Answer 1

characteristics associated with being a female

Question 2

masculinity definition

Answer 2

characteristics associated with being a male

Question 3

sex definition

Answer 3

biological differences between men and women

Question 4

gender definition

Answer 4

sociological differences between men and women

Question 5

hegemonic femininity

Answer 5

dominant/ traditional styles of femininity

Question 6

hegemonic masculinity

Answer 6

dominant/ traditional styles of masculinity

Question 7

what is anthropology?

Answer 7

study of human societies and their cultural development

Question 8

what tribes did margaret mead study?

Answer 8

arapesh, mundagamor, tchambuli

Question 9

what were the arapesh gender roles like?

Answer 9

no specific distinction between men and women, responsibility is shared between them

Question 10

what were the mundagamor gender roles like?

Answer 10

men were aggressive and uninclined to marriage and paternity

Question 11

what were the tchambuli gender roles like?

Answer 11

woman were more assertive than men

Question 12

how did freeman criticise mead?

Answer 12

suggested that mead was misled by participants, and that perhaps they told her what she wanted to hear

Question 13

how did murdock support mead?

Answer 13

suggested some activities eg hunting are universally allocated to one gender more (men)

Question 14

how did oakley criticise mead/murdock?

Answer 14

stated that many tribes see no distinction between sexe. also referenced in some countries 1/4 of the workforce is female

Question 15

social constructionism definition

Answer 15

when something is defined by sociological processes rather than biological or inherent processes

Question 16

biological determinism definition

Answer 16

when something is defined by biological/ genetic processes

Question 17

what did wilson say about gender roles?

Answer 17

that in order to reproduce successfully, men are naturally more promiscuous and women more nurturing

Question 18

what terms did parsons come up with about gender roles?

Answer 18

instrumental role/ expressive role

Question 19

instrumental role definition

Answer 19

men as breadwinners and providers

Question 20

expressive role definition

Answer 20

women as carers of the home and children

Question 21

what did oakley suggest the reason of womens lower status in the labour market to be?

Answer 21

social conditioning in order to maintain traditional gender roles of women in the home

Question 22

what do feminists say is the key of maintaining traditional gender roles?

Answer 22

socialisation

Question 23

what 4 ways did oakley say the family enforces gender roles by?

Answer 23

manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellations, different activities

Question 24

manipulation (oakleys study) definition

Answer 24

encouraging or discouraging gender specific behaviour

Question 25

canalisation definition

Answer 25

parents directing childrens interests into certain toys and play

Question 26

verbal appellations definition

Answer 26

parents using stereotypical descriptions of their children (eg girls as pretty or boys as strong)

Question 27

what term did mcrobbie coin?

Answer 27

'bedroom culture'

Question 28

bedroom culture definition

Answer 28

describes the way girls spend their leisure time in their bedrooms with other girls

Question 29

what did mcrobbie find in her study?

Answer 29

boys were given more freedom to play outside whereas girls were kept at home more

Question 30

how did lincoln update mcrobbies research?

Answer 30

1990 mancunian girls study. found that bedroom culture still existed, but the internet and boyfriends were let in

Question 31

what did billington say about women in the media?

Answer 31

that men are dominant and woman are subordinate

Question 32

what did nakuamara say about women in the media?

Answer 32

stated that although women are harmfully stereotyped in the media, they use it as a forum of support against discrimination

Question 33

what did fergusons study of womens magazines conclude?

Answer 33

concluded that womens magazines were centred around a 'cult of femininity'

Question 34

content analysis definition

Answer 34

a method used by sociologists to research the media by counting the amount of reoccurring themes

Question 35

what was the 1997 study by willis called?

Answer 35

learning to labour

Question 36

how was 'learning to labour' successful?

Answer 36

high in validity and an interpretivist approach

Question 37

how long did willis spend on his study?

Answer 37

18 months observing the boys in school, and a further 6 months observing the boys at work

Question 38

what was the aim question to answer of the willis study?

Answer 38

'why working class kids get working class jobs'

Question 39

what did willis observe of the boys at school?

Answer 39

-no interest in learning -aimed to do as little work but have as much fun as possible -the working class boys saw education as something for middle class

Question 40

what were some issues with the 'learning to labour' study?

Answer 40

-time consuming. 2 years of observing -hard to repeat

Question 41

what is the hidden curriculum?

Answer 41

things that are taught and learnt in school aside from the national curriculum eg punctuality/ stereotypes

Question 42

what is the national curriculum?

Answer 42

core subjects to be studied, controlled by the state eg maths/ english

Question 43

what did skelton argue?

Answer 43

that the hidden curriculum is responsible for gender differences within subject choices

Question 44

what do feminists say about the hidden curriculum?

Answer 44

that it is patriarchal

Question 45

what were the 2 ways kelly suggested why science is seen as masculine?

Answer 45

-textbooks are dominated with photos of boys/ masculine objects -boys are more dominant in labs due to conditioning

Question 46

what 3 things did colley argue affected subject choice?

Answer 46

-perception of gender roles -subject preferences -learning environment

Question 47

define blue collar jobs

Answer 47

manual labour jobs typically associated with working class males, that receive an hourly wage

Question 48

what did mac an ghaill say that men are currently facing?

Answer 48

'a crisis of masculinity'

Question 49

define 'crisis of masculinity'

Answer 49

men who have lost manual labour jobs due to deindustrialisation that they associate with masculinity are unprepared for a traditional workplace, which they associate with femininity.

Question 50

define horizontal segregation

Answer 50

where a work field is predominantly almost one gender

Question 51

define vertical segregation

Answer 51

where opportunities are limited for one gender within a work field

Question 52

what did adkins study and conclude in 1995?

Answer 52

-looked at employment within theme parks -suggested job roles were allocated to one gender -attractive females worked in bars -males worked as ride operators

Question 53

what do postmodernists say about gender identities?

Answer 53

society is reliant on choice and diversity, not on strict gender roles

Question 54

define complicit masculinity

Answer 54

men who believe that men and women should share roles within a family

Question 55

define marginalised masculinity

Answer 55

a masculine identity held by men who lost their traditionally masculine jobs

Question 56

what type of masculinity did tony sewell identify?

Answer 56

'hyper-masculinity', displayed in afro-caribbean males

Question 57

define matriarchal

Answer 57

female dominating environment, eg a home without a father figure

Question 58

what did nixon state about masculinity?

Answer 58

that the 1985 levis advert in a laundrette was the origin of men finding it socially acceptable to take care of appearances

Question 59

what did mort state about masculinity?

Answer 59

that the levis advert was the first time men were sexualised in the media

Question 60

what participants were involved with the 'policing ladettes' study

Answer 60

-153 students aged 13/14 -30 teachers

Question 61

define ladette behaviour

Answer 61

swearing, talking loudly and acting obnoxiously. related to the attempt to emulate male behaviour