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gender identities Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

femininity definition

A

characteristics associated with being a female

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2
Q

masculinity definition

A

characteristics associated with being a male

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3
Q

sex definition

A

biological differences between men and women

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4
Q

gender definition

A

sociological differences between men and women

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5
Q

hegemonic femininity

A

dominant/ traditional styles of femininity

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6
Q

hegemonic masculinity

A

dominant/ traditional styles of masculinity

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7
Q

what is anthropology?

A

study of human societies and their cultural development

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8
Q

what tribes did margaret mead study?

A

arapesh, mundagamor, tchambuli

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9
Q

what were the arapesh gender roles like?

A

no specific distinction between men and women, responsibility is shared between them

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10
Q

what were the mundagamor gender roles like?

A

men were aggressive and uninclined to marriage and paternity

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11
Q

what were the tchambuli gender roles like?

A

woman were more assertive than men

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12
Q

how did freeman criticise mead?

A

suggested that mead was misled by participants, and that perhaps they told her what she wanted to hear

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13
Q

how did murdock support mead?

A

suggested some activities eg hunting are universally allocated to one gender more (men)

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14
Q

how did oakley criticise mead/murdock?

A

stated that many tribes see no distinction between sexe. also referenced in some countries 1/4 of the workforce is female

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15
Q

social constructionism definition

A

when something is defined by sociological processes rather than biological or inherent processes

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16
Q

biological determinism definition

A

when something is defined by biological/ genetic processes

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17
Q

what did wilson say about gender roles?

A

that in order to reproduce successfully, men are naturally more promiscuous and women more nurturing

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18
Q

what terms did parsons come up with about gender roles?

A

instrumental role/ expressive role

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19
Q

instrumental role definition

A

men as breadwinners and providers

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20
Q

expressive role definition

A

women as carers of the home and children

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21
Q

what did oakley suggest the reason of womens lower status in the labour market to be?

A

social conditioning in order to maintain traditional gender roles of women in the home

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22
Q

what do feminists say is the key of maintaining traditional gender roles?

A

socialisation

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23
Q

what 4 ways did oakley say the family enforces gender roles by?

A

manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellations, different activities

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24
Q

manipulation (oakleys study) definition

A

encouraging or discouraging gender specific behaviour

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25
Q

canalisation definition

A

parents directing childrens interests into certain toys and play

26
Q

verbal appellations definition

A

parents using stereotypical descriptions of their children (eg girls as pretty or boys as strong)

27
Q

what term did mcrobbie coin?

A

‘bedroom culture’

28
Q

bedroom culture definition

A

describes the way girls spend their leisure time in their bedrooms with other girls

29
Q

what did mcrobbie find in her study?

A

boys were given more freedom to play outside whereas girls were kept at home more

30
Q

how did lincoln update mcrobbies research?

A

1990 mancunian girls study. found that bedroom culture still existed, but the internet and boyfriends were let in

31
Q

what did billington say about women in the media?

A

that men are dominant and woman are subordinate

32
Q

what did nakuamara say about women in the media?

A

stated that although women are harmfully stereotyped in the media, they use it as a forum of support against discrimination

33
Q

what did fergusons study of womens magazines conclude?

A

concluded that womens magazines were centred around a ‘cult of femininity’

34
Q

content analysis definition

A

a method used by sociologists to research the media by counting the amount of reoccurring themes

35
Q

what was the 1997 study by willis called?

A

learning to labour

36
Q

how was ‘learning to labour’ successful?

A

high in validity and an interpretivist approach

37
Q

how long did willis spend on his study?

A

18 months observing the boys in school, and a further 6 months observing the boys at work

38
Q

what was the aim question to answer of the willis study?

A

‘why working class kids get working class jobs’

39
Q

what did willis observe of the boys at school?

A

-no interest in learning
-aimed to do as little work but have as much fun as possible
-the working class boys saw education as something for middle class

40
Q

what were some issues with the ‘learning to labour’ study?

A

-time consuming. 2 years of observing
-hard to repeat

41
Q

what is the hidden curriculum?

A

things that are taught and learnt in school aside from the national curriculum eg punctuality/ stereotypes

42
Q

what is the national curriculum?

A

core subjects to be studied, controlled by the state eg maths/ english

43
Q

what did skelton argue?

A

that the hidden curriculum is responsible for gender differences within subject choices

44
Q

what do feminists say about the hidden curriculum?

A

that it is patriarchal

45
Q

what were the 2 ways kelly suggested why science is seen as masculine?

A

-textbooks are dominated with photos of boys/ masculine objects
-boys are more dominant in labs due to conditioning

46
Q

what 3 things did colley argue affected subject choice?

A

-perception of gender roles
-subject preferences
-learning environment

47
Q

define blue collar jobs

A

manual labour jobs typically associated with working class males, that receive an hourly wage

48
Q

what did mac an ghaill say that men are currently facing?

A

‘a crisis of masculinity’

49
Q

define ‘crisis of masculinity’

A

men who have lost manual labour jobs due to deindustrialisation that they associate with masculinity are unprepared for a traditional workplace, which they associate with femininity.

50
Q

define horizontal segregation

A

where a work field is predominantly almost one gender

51
Q

define vertical segregation

A

where opportunities are limited for one gender within a work field

52
Q

what did adkins study and conclude in 1995?

A

-looked at employment within theme parks
-suggested job roles were allocated to one gender
-attractive females worked in bars
-males worked as ride operators

53
Q

what do postmodernists say about gender identities?

A

society is reliant on choice and diversity, not on strict gender roles

54
Q

define complicit masculinity

A

men who believe that men and women should share roles within a family

55
Q

define marginalised masculinity

A

a masculine identity held by men who lost their traditionally masculine jobs

56
Q

what type of masculinity did tony sewell identify?

A

‘hyper-masculinity’, displayed in afro-caribbean males

57
Q

define matriarchal

A

female dominating environment, eg a home without a father figure

58
Q

what did nixon state about masculinity?

A

that the 1985 levis advert in a laundrette was the origin of men finding it socially acceptable to take care of appearances

59
Q

what did mort state about masculinity?

A

that the levis advert was the first time men were sexualised in the media

60
Q

what participants were involved with the ‘policing ladettes’ study

A

-153 students aged 13/14
-30 teachers

61
Q

define ladette behaviour

A

swearing, talking loudly and acting obnoxiously. related to the attempt to emulate male behaviour

Sociology (9 decks)

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