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Sociology paper 1 > ethnic identities > Flashcards

ethnic identities Flashcards

1
Q

define race

A

perceived biological or physical differences between groups, eg skin colour

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2
Q

define ethnicity

A

cultural differences between groups
-eg, food, language, clothes, country of origin, norms, values, music

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3
Q

define ethnic group

A

a group with the same ethnic background

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4
Q

define ethnic minority group

A

a group of the same ethnic background residing in a country where they are the minority ethnicity

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5
Q

define nationality

A

country of origin or country where you are legally entitled to reside in

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6
Q

define racism

A

discrimination on the grounds of race/ ethnicity/ nationality

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7
Q

define institutional racism

A

when an organization operates in a way that unconsciously discriminates

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8
Q

define migration

A

moving from one country to another

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9
Q

define emigration

A

moving out of a country

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10
Q

define immigration

A

moving into a country

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11
Q

what are some push factors associated with immigration?

A

poverty, war, poor education, corrupt government, famine, natural disasters, religious persecution

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12
Q

what are some pull factors associated with immigration?

A

fairer wages, free healthcare, climate, security, marriage opportunities, education, family ties

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13
Q

polish immigration points:

A

-since 2004, uk has been one of the few countries to allow polish immigrants in
-pull factors: better opportunities/ work

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14
Q

nepalese immigration points:

A

-settlement rights almost guaranteed to all gurkhas
-gurkha: soldier who fought for british army in 2009

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15
Q

caribbean immigration points:

A

-1950s windrush generation
-pull factors: better opportunities/ work

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16
Q

african immigration points:

A

-mainly nigerian, ghanian and somalian
-christian/ muslim shared beliefs
-better lifestyle/opportunities
-political asylum

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17
Q

indian immigration points:

A

-1950s onwards
-sikh, muslim and hindu groups
-better lifestyle/ opportunities in medicine

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18
Q

pakistani immigration points:

A

-1950s onwards
-muslim and hindu groups
-better lifestyle/ opportunities in manufacturng

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19
Q

what did cashmore and tronya conclude?

A

-immigrants faced open hostility and discrimination within labour markets
-resulted in ‘turning inwards’
-this resulted in union between all black groups, regardless of ethnic background

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20
Q

define ‘turning inwards’

A

finding support from within their own communities against discrimination

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21
Q

what did ghuman suggest about the family?

A

-that asian parents brought their children up with a set of norms and values different to those of western culture
-eg respecting their elders, learning mother tongue, aversions to premarital sex

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22
Q

what did anwar suggest about the family?

A

-suggests that family can be a source of conflict for some asian children living in wetsern societies because they are surrounded by different sets of norms and values

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23
Q

define immigrant

A

someone who has permanently moved from one country to another

24
Q

define first/ second/ third generation immigrants

A

-1st: those who have moved to a new countries themselves
-2nd: their children
-3rd: their grandchildren

25
Q

define asylum seeker

A

someone who seeks refuge in a country other than their own for a temporary period of time

26
Q

define illegal immigrant

A

someone who is not legally entitled to live in the country which they have immigrated to

27
Q

define assimilation/ integration

A

-when an ethnic minority group adopt the norms and values of the majority group surrounding them
-this can lead to multiculturalism

28
Q

define cultural resistance

A

when ethnic minority group members unify in order to resist against racism

29
Q

what did butler identify in muslim women living in the uk?

A

-2nd gen muslims can feel inner conflict between their asian background and british surroundings
-the family put pressure on to women and girls as it is their perceived responsibility to raise the next generation
-these asian girls blamed traditional values of their countries of origin, not their religion (islam)

30
Q

what did driver and ballard say about education/ ethnic families?

A

-that asian parents place greater value on academic achievement
-on average, indian pupils received higher grades than their black/white counterparts

31
Q

what did archer and francis say about education/ ethnic families?

A

-cultural factors are important in regards to british-chinese student success
-academic achievement is important to identity
-parents took a stronger role in ensuring academic success

32
Q

what did coard say in relation to education/ ethnicity

A

-argues that the british curriculum is ethnocentric (focusing on british culture)
-eg holidays given (christmas/ easter, christianity)
-subjects cover ethnocentric things, eg history on british past, english on british literature

33
Q

what did gillborn say about how an ethnocentric curriculum can negatively impact black students?

A

-black students are negatively stereotyped in education, leading to them receiving less support and guidance
-this can lead to the self-fulfilling prophecy

34
Q

what did alexander say about ethnicity in the media?

A

-saw that asian teenagers in east london are negatively stereotyped by the media
-‘myth of asian gang’ whereby the media exaggerates black/asian gang violence
-islamaphobia can be found at the root of this

35
Q

define islamaphobia

A

discrimination towards those who identify as islamic

36
Q

what did tony sewell discover in 2004 about afrocaribbean males in the media?

A

-they follow ‘hyper masculine’ role models
-curates an identity associated with gangs in order to achieve status

37
Q

what did les black conclude in his study?

A

-studied white/ asian/ black youths on housing estate in south london
-found that they were all friends, spoke the same form of mle, wore similar clothes and listened to the same music
-he claimed this was a formation of hybrid identities

38
Q

what term did gill coin about how mixed race youths label themselves?

A

blasian- black/ asian
brasian- british/ asian

39
Q

what is nayak referring to with her 2003 term ‘white wannabes’

A

white working class youths who try to emulate black culture

40
Q

what is the basis for nationality?

A

shared langage/ history/ ethnic backgrounds/ territory

41
Q

what are some examples of symbols of national identity?

A

flag, tradtional wear or food, sports teams, national anthems, rituals

42
Q

outline the idea of nationality as a social construct

A

symbols of nationality form an ‘imagined community’, since members will not all know each other

43
Q

what did philip et al 1998 say about education?

A

-argues that the national curriculum supports ideologies of nationalism, and are a key factor in creating a national identity
-teaching of national events in schools leads to a shared conscious, creating a national community

44
Q

what did schuden point out in 1994 about british socialisation?

A

english, irish, scottish and welsh develop a shared sense of nationality despite being different territories

45
Q

what did kumar point out in 2003 about national identity?

A

-argues that missionary nationalism is overrided by multiculturalism

46
Q

how does globalisation relate to nationality?

A

some sociologists argue that the youth of today are ‘citizens of the world’ and their identity isnt bounded by national boarders

47
Q

what 3 reactions to globalisation did hall outline in 1991?

A

1- acceptance of global culture (cultural homogenisation)
2- assimilate some aspects of global culture but not all (cultural hybridity)
3- resist global culture (cultural resistance)

48
Q

what 4 things did fairweather and rogerson say result in cultural homogenisation?

A

1- computer software
2-advertising
3- antisocial behaviour
4- digital communication

49
Q

how does cultural homogenisation occur because of computer software?

A

the expansion of western forms of computerware eg microsoft means places are no longer limited to the local forms

50
Q

how does cultural homogenisation occur because of advertising?

A

western broadcasting on a global scale influences what is desirable

51
Q

how does cultural homogenisation occur because of antisocial behaviour?

A

antisocial behaviour on the internet can reflect western morals and deviances

52
Q

how does cultural homogenisation occur because of digital communication?

A

western cultures and ideas transmitted globally more rapidly

53
Q

define globalisation

A

the process of which the world becoming politically, socially and economically inter-connected

54
Q

what does parekh suggest forms the basis of cultural diversity?

A

ethnicity, sexuality, morals

55
Q

define multiculturalism

A

a society which is made up of multiple different ethnic groups and cultures

56
Q

what does barker say about multiculturalism?

A

argues that a multicultural society welcomes and encourages diversity

57
Q

define hybrid identity

A

refers to the mixing of 2 or more cultures within one individual identity

Sociology paper 1 (9 decks)

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