ethnic identities Flashcards
define race
perceived biological or physical differences between groups, eg skin colour
define ethnicity
cultural differences between groups
-eg, food, language, clothes, country of origin, norms, values, music
define ethnic group
a group with the same ethnic background
define ethnic minority group
a group of the same ethnic background residing in a country where they are the minority ethnicity
define nationality
country of origin or country where you are legally entitled to reside in
define racism
discrimination on the grounds of race/ ethnicity/ nationality
define institutional racism
when an organization operates in a way that unconsciously discriminates
define migration
moving from one country to another
define emigration
moving out of a country
define immigration
moving into a country
what are some push factors associated with immigration?
poverty, war, poor education, corrupt government, famine, natural disasters, religious persecution
what are some pull factors associated with immigration?
fairer wages, free healthcare, climate, security, marriage opportunities, education, family ties
polish immigration points:
-since 2004, uk has been one of the few countries to allow polish immigrants in
-pull factors: better opportunities/ work
nepalese immigration points:
-settlement rights almost guaranteed to all gurkhas
-gurkha: soldier who fought for british army in 2009
caribbean immigration points:
-1950s windrush generation
-pull factors: better opportunities/ work
african immigration points:
-mainly nigerian, ghanian and somalian
-christian/ muslim shared beliefs
-better lifestyle/opportunities
-political asylum
indian immigration points:
-1950s onwards
-sikh, muslim and hindu groups
-better lifestyle/ opportunities in medicine
pakistani immigration points:
-1950s onwards
-muslim and hindu groups
-better lifestyle/ opportunities in manufacturng
what did cashmore and tronya conclude?
-immigrants faced open hostility and discrimination within labour markets
-resulted in ‘turning inwards’
-this resulted in union between all black groups, regardless of ethnic background
define ‘turning inwards’
finding support from within their own communities against discrimination
what did ghuman suggest about the family?
-that asian parents brought their children up with a set of norms and values different to those of western culture
-eg respecting their elders, learning mother tongue, aversions to premarital sex
what did anwar suggest about the family?
-suggests that family can be a source of conflict for some asian children living in wetsern societies because they are surrounded by different sets of norms and values
define immigrant
someone who has permanently moved from one country to another
define first/ second/ third generation immigrants
-1st: those who have moved to a new countries themselves
-2nd: their children
-3rd: their grandchildren
define asylum seeker
someone who seeks refuge in a country other than their own for a temporary period of time
define illegal immigrant
someone who is not legally entitled to live in the country which they have immigrated to
define assimilation/ integration
-when an ethnic minority group adopt the norms and values of the majority group surrounding them
-this can lead to multiculturalism
define cultural resistance
when ethnic minority group members unify in order to resist against racism
what did butler identify in muslim women living in the uk?
-2nd gen muslims can feel inner conflict between their asian background and british surroundings
-the family put pressure on to women and girls as it is their perceived responsibility to raise the next generation
-these asian girls blamed traditional values of their countries of origin, not their religion (islam)
what did driver and ballard say about education/ ethnic families?
-that asian parents place greater value on academic achievement
-on average, indian pupils received higher grades than their black/white counterparts
what did archer and francis say about education/ ethnic families?
-cultural factors are important in regards to british-chinese student success
-academic achievement is important to identity
-parents took a stronger role in ensuring academic success
what did coard say in relation to education/ ethnicity
-argues that the british curriculum is ethnocentric (focusing on british culture)
-eg holidays given (christmas/ easter, christianity)
-subjects cover ethnocentric things, eg history on british past, english on british literature
what did gillborn say about how an ethnocentric curriculum can negatively impact black students?
-black students are negatively stereotyped in education, leading to them receiving less support and guidance
-this can lead to the self-fulfilling prophecy
what did alexander say about ethnicity in the media?
-saw that asian teenagers in east london are negatively stereotyped by the media
-‘myth of asian gang’ whereby the media exaggerates black/asian gang violence
-islamaphobia can be found at the root of this
define islamaphobia
discrimination towards those who identify as islamic
what did tony sewell discover in 2004 about afrocaribbean males in the media?
-they follow ‘hyper masculine’ role models
-curates an identity associated with gangs in order to achieve status
what did les black conclude in his study?
-studied white/ asian/ black youths on housing estate in south london
-found that they were all friends, spoke the same form of mle, wore similar clothes and listened to the same music
-he claimed this was a formation of hybrid identities
what term did gill coin about how mixed race youths label themselves?
blasian- black/ asian
brasian- british/ asian
what is nayak referring to with her 2003 term ‘white wannabes’
white working class youths who try to emulate black culture
what is the basis for nationality?
shared langage/ history/ ethnic backgrounds/ territory
what are some examples of symbols of national identity?
flag, tradtional wear or food, sports teams, national anthems, rituals
outline the idea of nationality as a social construct
symbols of nationality form an ‘imagined community’, since members will not all know each other
what did philip et al 1998 say about education?
-argues that the national curriculum supports ideologies of nationalism, and are a key factor in creating a national identity
-teaching of national events in schools leads to a shared conscious, creating a national community
what did schuden point out in 1994 about british socialisation?
english, irish, scottish and welsh develop a shared sense of nationality despite being different territories
what did kumar point out in 2003 about national identity?
-argues that missionary nationalism is overrided by multiculturalism
how does globalisation relate to nationality?
some sociologists argue that the youth of today are ‘citizens of the world’ and their identity isnt bounded by national boarders
what 3 reactions to globalisation did hall outline in 1991?
1- acceptance of global culture (cultural homogenisation)
2- assimilate some aspects of global culture but not all (cultural hybridity)
3- resist global culture (cultural resistance)
what 4 things did fairweather and rogerson say result in cultural homogenisation?
1- computer software
2-advertising
3- antisocial behaviour
4- digital communication
how does cultural homogenisation occur because of computer software?
the expansion of western forms of computerware eg microsoft means places are no longer limited to the local forms
how does cultural homogenisation occur because of advertising?
western broadcasting on a global scale influences what is desirable
how does cultural homogenisation occur because of antisocial behaviour?
antisocial behaviour on the internet can reflect western morals and deviances
how does cultural homogenisation occur because of digital communication?
western cultures and ideas transmitted globally more rapidly
define globalisation
the process of which the world becoming politically, socially and economically inter-connected
what does parekh suggest forms the basis of cultural diversity?
ethnicity, sexuality, morals
define multiculturalism
a society which is made up of multiple different ethnic groups and cultures
what does barker say about multiculturalism?
argues that a multicultural society welcomes and encourages diversity
define hybrid identity
refers to the mixing of 2 or more cultures within one individual identity
