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Clinical Psychology > Gender Dysphoria, Paraphilias > Flashcards

Gender Dysphoria, Paraphilias Flashcards

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1
Q

Sex

A
  • Biological feature related to reproduction
  • Chromosomes and hormones + primary and secondary sex characteristics
  • Intersex: variations that do not fit typical male or female patterns. Varying severity.
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2
Q

Gender identity

A
  • Sense of self
  • Women, Men, Bigender, Agender, Gender fluid etc.
  • Gender identity: reflect a person’s physical anatomy, develops early in life (3yrs old)
  • Cisgender: those whom gender identity corresponds with what they were assigned at birth.
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3
Q

Sex roles

A
  • Characteristics, behaviors and skills that are defined within a specific culture as being masculine or feminine.
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4
Q

Symptoms of Gender dysphoria

A
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5
Q

Frequency of Gender dysphoria

A
  • Rare
  • Trans women (6.8), trans men (2.6)
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6
Q

Causes of gender dysphoria

A
  • Sex hormones, especially during the prenatal period
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7
Q

Treatment for Gender dysphoria

A

Two solutions:
1. Change the person’s identity to match anatomy
2. Change the person’s anatomy to match identity

  • Gender affirming surgery: positive, reduced levels of anxiety and depression, 3:1 men seek sex reassignment surgery.
  • Hormone replacement therapy
  • Postoperative adjustment: adjustment in the society after surgery.
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8
Q

article

A
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9
Q

Paraphilia

A
  • Sexual arousal associated with unusual activities/targets.
  • Persistent sexual urge/fantasy.
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10
Q

Symptoms of paraphiliac disorders

A
  • Arises when a pattern develops involving a long-lasting, unusual erotic preoccupation that is arousing, and urge to act upon it.
  • Compulsion and lack of flexibility
  • Takes up lots of time and energy. Similar to addictions
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11
Q

Diagnosis of paraphiliac disorders

A
  • Urges are compulsory
  • Produce sexual dysfuntion
  • Require participation of non-consenting persons
  • Legal problems
  • Interfere with social relationships
  • Acts upon urges
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12
Q

Fetishistic disorders

A
  • Arousal associated with non-living objects.
  • Women’s underwear, shoes, boots, rubber or leather.
  • Masturbate while holding, rubbing or smelling the fetish object or wear etc.
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13
Q

Transvestite

A
  • Person who dresses in clothing of opposite gender.
  • Cross-dressing for the purpose of sexual arousal.
  • Primarily among heterosexual men.
  • May be done in private or in public.
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14
Q

Sexual masochism

A
  • People who become sexually aroused when they are subjected to pain or embarrassment
  • May act on these impulses themselves or with a partner.
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15
Q

Exhibitionism

A
  • More common in males but can be found in women.
  • Indecent exposure
  • Begin to expose themselves when they are teenagers or in their early 20s.
  • Acted upon urges on non-consenting person.
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16
Q

Voyeurism

A
  • More common in men but is found in women too.
  • Sexual arousal in the act of observing an unsuspecting person naked in the process of sexual activity.
  • Not aroused by those who know they are being watched.
17
Q

Frotteurism

A
  • More common in males but found in women too.
  • Person who is fully clothes becomes sexually aroused by touching or rubbing his genitals against other, non-consenting people.
  • Choose crowded places so they can escape arrest.
  • High frequency.
18
Q

Pedophilic disorder

A
  • Recurrent, intense, sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child.
  • The person must be at least 16 and at least 5 years older than the child.
  • They do not always act on their fantasies but if they do, the child usually knows the perpetrator.
19
Q

Origins of paraphiliacs

A
  • 95% of people who seek treatment are men
  • They are seldom isolated phenomena. People who exhibit one type will often exhibit others.
20
Q

Frequency of paraphiliacs

A
  • Little evidence
  • Deviant or perverse behaviors, low likelihood of people to readily divulge their secret.
21
Q

Biological factors of paraphiliacs: Endocrine system

A
  • Collection of glands that regulate sexual response through the release of hormones.
  • High levels of testosterone in sexually violent offenders.
  • Might not be generalizable.
22
Q

Biological factors of paraphiliacs: neurological abnormalities

A
  • Temporal lobes, specifically amygdala and hippocampus play a role in aggression and sexual behavior. If damage = unusual sexual behavior - kluver-bucy syndrome
  • Circuit that regulates the 4 Fs - feeding, fighting, fleeing, and fornication
23
Q

Social factors of paraphiliacs:

A
  • Distortion of normal mating process - evolutionary context.
  • Male primates’ sexual sequene:
    1. Location and apraisal
    2. Exchange of signals to communicate mutual interest.
    3. Tactile interaction that set the stage for intercourse.

Childhood experiences:
- Early crossing of normative sexual boundaries through direct or indirect experience.
- Lack of consistent parental environment where normal sexual behaviors and values were modeled.
- Lack of self-esteem, confidence and ability in social interactions
- Ignorance and poor understanding of human sexuality.

Low interpersonal skills:
- Failure to achieve intimacy in relationships
- Lonely , insecure, isolate
- Deficits in social skills

24
Q

Psychological factors of paraphilia

A

Love map:
- mental picture of a person’s ideal sexual relationship.
- Imitation of parents and other adults
- Optimal: love and lust are found in the same person.
- Voyeurism, exhibitionism, fetishism are distorted love maps.

25
Q

Aversion therapy - paraphilia

A
  • Repeatedly presenting the stimulus in association with an aversive stimulus.
  • Positive effects but no longer used due to its design flaws.
26
Q

CBT - paraphilia

A
  • Useful, but discouraging results.
27
Q

Hormones and medication - paraphilia

A
  1. Cyproterone acetate
    - Blocks effects of testosterone
    - Reduction in some aspects of sexual behavior - specifically fantasies.
  2. Triptorelin
    - Reduces testosterone secretion by inhibiting pituitary-gonadal function
    - Reduction in fantasies and incidents.
  3. SSRIs
    - Beneficial for some male patients
    - Reduces social anxiety which interferes with the ability to enjoy an intimate sexual relationship.

Clinical Psychology (7 decks)

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