gender and speech Flashcards

1
Q

what did Giles study

A

hierachy of accents

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2
Q

what did Giles find

A

RP => most intelligent
regional accent => divided opinion often seen as friendly
Liverpudlian and Brummie => least intelligent and untrustworthy

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3
Q

what does Giles’ study reveal

A

there is a perceived hierarchy of accents
different accents have different associations and characteristics
people are prejudice towards certain accents

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4
Q

what did william labov study in his NY study

A

post vocalic /r / which is the prestige form

saks => upperclass shop
macys =>middle class 
kleins => lower class
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5
Q

what method was used for labovs ny study

A

spoke to sales assistant in stores and measured the use of the p-v/r/
he asked them a question and got them to repeat

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6
Q

what did labov find in his NY study

A

Saks had used the p-v/r/ most which is overtly prestige

Macy’s hyper corrected the most from covert to overt prestige

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7
Q

what does labov’s NY study show

A

effects of overt prestige on language and that class has a subtle effect on sociolect

code-switching is used for clarity and for prestige

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8
Q

what did labov measure in his Martha’s Vineyard study?

A

centralised diphthong

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9
Q

what did Labov find in his Martha’s vineyard study

A
  1. local fishermen accentuated their accents in response to tourists
    they do this subconsciously establish and identify themselves, rejecting tourists
  2. settlers used diphthong more than down-islanders out of respect for fishermen and associate with island life
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10
Q

what does labov’s marthas vineyard study tell us

A

people use sociolect to associate with certain social groups and show awareness to certain values and how accent can exclude others

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11
Q

what did trudgill study

A

in Norwich

non-standard variants of language and differences between class and gender

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12
Q

what did Trudgill measure

A

elison => missing off the ‘g’ at end of words
h-dropping => missing ‘h’ at beginning of word
glottal stop => replacing ‘t’

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13
Q

what did trudgill find

A

middle class used non-standard forms the least
women tend to use non-standard forms less then men
everyone used n-s f in informal contexts

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14
Q

what did Eckert study

A

non-standard variants of language in American schools

how language reflects identity in social groups

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15
Q

who did Eckert research

A

2 scoial groups :
jocks
burnouts

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16
Q

what did Eckert measure

A

use of phonological variant sounds

eg ‘ae’ ‘uh’ ‘ay’

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17
Q

what did Eckert discover about the jocks

A

accept authority
middle class
conservative adult-like speech

18
Q

what did Eckert discover about the burnouts

A
focus on rejecting school authority
lower/working class 
more varied, urban speech
19
Q

what did Eckert find

A
  1. people speak like their friends
    2 .shared social practices have impact on language more than background
  2. teens use language to conform or rebel; signifies values
20
Q

what did milroy study

A

the effect of close nit communities on the use of non-standard english

21
Q

what did milroy do

A

gave each person from 3 ship yards in Belfast a network score from 1-5
1 =>low net work score ; networks more open
5 => high net work score ; closed network, worked and socialised together

22
Q

what did milroy find

A

people with a high network score used non-standard english more often => stronger accent and dialect

people with low network score used more standard english

23
Q

what did milroy conclude

A

women often had open networks

close knit communities reinforce linguistic normas which leads to stronger accent and dialect.

24
Q

who proposed the deficit model

A

robin lakoff

25
what does the deficit model suggest
- women speak in a genderlect that socially reduces them and linguistically disempower women. - their genderlect makes them subordinate to men
26
what are the features of women's language proposed in the deficit model
tag Q's hedging empty adjectives avoiding taboo
27
who proposed the dominance model
Zimmerman and West
28
what does the dominance model suggest
- women are in a position of social weakness | - men deliberately behave in an uncooperative way when talking to women to undermine and dominate.
29
what did Z&W find in their study (dominance model)
- there's a difference in how turn taking is managed between same sex and mixed sex conversations - men interrupted women but not other men
30
what did pamela fisherman find (dominance model)
women used tag Q's in an attempt to stimulate a response from their significant other when tag q's are repeated, this indicates malfunction in turn taking
31
who came up with the difference model
Deoborah tannen
32
what does the difference model suggest
- males and females belong to different communities of practice and speak different genderlects - differences start at childhood and lead to misunderstanding between genders
33
what main differences does the difference model suggest
status Vs support conflict Vs compromise orders Vs proposals
34
what critcisms are there of the difference model
- huge generalisation | - ignores factors like context
35
who proposed the diversity model
deborah cameron
36
what does the diversity model suggest
- individuals vary so much it is difficult to generalise - more differences within genders than between - the difference model is based on simplistic steryotypes
37
who creates the idea that 'gender is a performance'
judith Butler
38
what does the 'gender is a performance' idea suggest
- people act upon their beliefs which are created by social pressures - gender is performed differently in different contexts and situations
39
what did butler suggest about policing gender
some of our language polices gender norms: - women => butch, ladylike - men => bit of a girl
40
what is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
linguistic determinism => language we use and hear determines our ideas about the world linguistic reflectionism => language we use reflects out beliefs