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english language alevel > fundamentals of language > Flashcards

fundamentals of language Flashcards

1
Q

what is lexis

A

the study of what words have been chosen and their meaning

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2
Q

pragmatics

A

how meanings change in different situations

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3
Q

nouns

A

naming words: name, object, person, etc.

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4
Q

proper / concrete nouns

A

names for people, place or things

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5
Q

concrete/ common nouns

A

things you can touch, see or measure

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6
Q

abstract nouns

A

things you can’t touch or see, they are feelings

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7
Q

collective noun

A

a word that describes a specific group of nous

eg pack of wolves

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8
Q

noun phrase

A

group of words that tell us more about a noun

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9
Q

adjectives

A

describes nouns

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10
Q

adjectival pre modification

A

adjectives that describe a noun and are placed in front of it

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11
Q

adjectival post modification

A

adjectives that describes a noun that is placed after a noun

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12
Q

comparative adjective

A

adding suffix ‘er’

eg prettier

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13
Q

superlative adjective

A

adding suffix ‘est’

eg prettiest

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14
Q

comparative adjective (way 2)

A

adding ‘more’ / ‘less’
eg less interesting than …
more interesting that …

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15
Q

superlative adjective

A

adding ‘most’ / ‘least’

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16
Q

descriptive adjective

A

tell us factual things about a noun

eg a RED car

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17
Q

evaluative adjective

A

gives an opinion about a noun

eg a GRIM meal

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18
Q

verbs

A

doing words / actions / states og being

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19
Q

stative verbs

A

refer to state of mind or condition

eg love, seem ,am ,is

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20
Q

dynamic verbs

A

describe actions we can take

eg eat, drink, run

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21
Q

modal verbs

A

auxillary verb is used to express properties

eg possibility, obligation, ability, permission

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22
Q

simple past, present and future tense

A

verbs carry tense
eg jumps => simple present
jumped => simple past
will jump => simple future

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23
Q

continuous past, present and future tense

A

eg is jumping => continuous present
was jumping => continuous past
will be jumping => continuous future

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24
Q

regular verbs

A

form past tense by adding suffix ‘ed’

eg to laugh, to talk

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25
irregular verbs
unpredictable past tense eg to sing => sang
26
auxillary verbs
helping verb eg i MIGHT eat this
27
primary auxillary verb
creating tense and different tenses TO DO => (do, does, did) TO HAVE => (have, has, had) TO BE => (am, is, was, were)
28
modal auxillary verbs
indicates possibility, obligation etc
29
imperative verb
command or instruction
30
register
level of formality of a text can be high, low, mixed or colloquial
31
pronouns
replace nouns or noun phrases | eg it, she, her, he
32
subject and object pronouns
personal pronouns change depending on whether they are the subject or object in the sentence
33
demonstrative pronouns
pronouns that refer to specific things | eg this, that, those
34
reflexive pronouns
used as a direct object when the object is the same as the subject of the verb eg myself, himself, themself
35
possessive pronoun
indicates possession | eg his, hers, mine, ours
36
interrogative pronouns
appear at the beginning of questions eg who what where when why
37
indefinite pronouns
not a definite reference | eg each, few, some, many, someone
38
simile
when things are compared to one another using 'as' or 'like'
39
metaphore
when things are compared to one another without 'as' or 'like'
40
idiom
used to convey complex emotional states
41
collocations
an expression the relies on that common association of words
42
adverbs
describe verbs and tell us more about the verb
43
adverbs of mannor
answers 'how' the verb was done eg he sang SWEETLY, LOUDLY
44
adverb of time
answers 'when' the verb was done eg he sang YESTERDAY, TODAY, A WHILE AGO
45
adverb of frequency
answers 'how often' a verb was done eg he sang OFTEN, REGULARLY, NEVER, ALWAYS
46
adverb of possibility
answers 'how likely' a verb was done eg he will MAYBE, DEFINITELY, PROBABLY sing
47
adverb of degree
answers 'to what extent' was the verb eg it was REALLY good, TOTALLY rubbish
48
determiner
comes before a noun, they describe who the nouns belong to
49
prepositions
the position of something eg on, beside, under
50
simple sentence
contains a single idea, a verb and a participant minimum of : subject => person/ object /place & verb => action / activity
51
minor sentence
not actual sentences eg social phrases, interjections, exclamations, abbreviations
52
simple sentences (subject verb object)
verb is happening to the object noun or pronoun does the action noun or pronoun that receives that action of the verb
53
simple sentence (subject verb compliment)
like an object but doesn't receive the action of the verb it receives the subject verbs that take compliments : coptula verbs
54
simple sentance (subject verb adverbial)
adverbial => adverb or group of verbs that tells where / when / why / how the verb happened
55
clauses
2 sentences hooked together using 'and'
56
conjunctions
words which stitch 2 clauses together eg so and because as while also when ets
57
co-ordinating conjunction
indicates equality between clauses FANBOYS => for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
58
compound sentences
contain 2 independent clauses conjoined by a co-ordinating conjunction (FANBOYS)
59
complex sentence
sentences that combines an independent clause and a dependent clause with a subordinating comjunction
60
subordinating conjunction rule
subordinating conjunctions are inseparable from dependent clauses
61
active
act of doing
62
passive
having something done to you
63
active voice
verb is carried out BY the subject and can take a direct object - verb done to object
64
passive voice
verb is done to the subject. the agent is indicated by prepositions.
65
singular first person pronouns
talking about yourself i me mine myself
66
singular 2nd person pronoun
talking to someone you yours yourself
67
singular third person pronoun
talking about someone else he his hers her herself
68
plural first person pronoun
talking about yourself + others we us ours ourselves
69
plural second person pronoun
talking to others you yours yourself
70
plural third person pronoun
talking about others

english language alevel (6 decks)

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