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christianity > gender and society > Flashcards

gender and society Flashcards

1
Q

define feminism

A

the range of political movements to achieve political, economic, personal and social equality of the sexes

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2
Q

what are the three ways of feminism and their definitions

A

first wave= focuses on women’s property rights and political candidacy

second wave = focuses on reducing inequality in sexuality, family, the workplace and reproductive rights

third wave= focuses on embracing individualism and diversity

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3
Q

what are the 5 types of feminism

A
  1. liberal feminism (equality for women can be achieved through legal and social reforms )
  2. radical feminism (the only way to get rid of sexism is to eliminate the concept of gender)
  3. socialist feminism (women are unable to be free due to their financial dependence on men)
  4. cultural feminism (encourages feminine behaviour rather than masculine behaviour)
  5. secular feminism (recognises that Abrahamic religions (belief in Abraham and his descendants to hold an important role in human spiritual development ) are patriarchal (male is head of house )
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4
Q

what are the problems in society according to feminists ?

A
  • domestic violence
  • trafficking
  • harassment
  • rape
  • poor parliamentary representation
  • gender pay gap
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5
Q

what do feminists want to change

A
  • how women are treated in the workforce
  • social constructions of what is feminine and what isn’t
  • birth control, abortion
  • divorce rights
  • better sex ed classes
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6
Q

how do feminists bring about change

A
  • campaigns
  • petitions
  • talks, speeches
  • done through media. Newspapers, blogs, articles, YouTube, the news etc
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7
Q

explain the difference between a persons biological sex and their gender

A
  • biological sex is the physical attributes, chromosomes, sex organs and hormones
  • gender identification is how people perceive themselves and choose to behave
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8
Q

explain an essentialist view

A
  • there are distinctive masculine and feminine traits

- which are intrinsic to nature or biology, not society

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9
Q

explain an existentialist view

A
  • biological sex isn’t significant

- gender characteristics are the product of culture and unbringing

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10
Q

4 points on what Simone de Beauvoir thinks about gender

A
  • women have unconsciously allowed themselves to become the second sex
  • existentially men and women are born without gender roles
  • there is no ‘eternal feminine’ - what an ideal women should be
  • women are free to choose their own lifestyles. E.g. weather they have kids or not
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11
Q

after the waves of feminism what changes did we see?

A
  • ease of divorce
  • religious weddings
  • single parents
  • births outside marriage
  • living together
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12
Q

what are the 7 types of family

A
  • single parents
  • same sex parents
  • nuclear family
  • blended family
  • extended family
  • grandparents/ other family members as child carer
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13
Q

is the idea of family culturally determined ?

A
  • the idea of family has the same principles everywhere: love, support. But depending on the culture the type of family is different
  • western culture = nuclear families
  • Asia = extended families
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14
Q

2 ideas of where the ideal nuclear family originates from

A
  1. Religion. Christianity. Genesis- Eve was there to help Adam. Bible teaches us to marry and reproduce.
  2. WW2. Propaganda posters of nuclear families. Homosexuality was illegal.
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15
Q

explain two of St.Paul’s teachings which influence Christian views of family

A
  1. ‘Wives submit to your husbands as you do the the Lord’. Within marriage husband is the head of the house
  2. ’ a husband should love his wife as much as Christ loved the church’ . Love from the husband should be liked Jesus sacrificial love.
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16
Q

3 Christian views of children and their role within the family

A
  • ‘multiple and fill the earth’. Genesis. Implies reproduction.
  • in the Ten Commandments, children are told to honour their parents.
  • fathers are told to discipline their children, not wind them up and also to bring them up to know Christianity.
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17
Q

Explain the Natural Order of the Household

A
  1. Christ
  2. Husbands. (Protect and provide for family)
  3. Wife (produce children and manage home)
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18
Q

What does Ephesians 5:22-33 suggest ?

A
  • patriarchal
  • shows a typical Christian nuclear family
  • women are the second sex to men
  • wives must be submissive
  • husband is the head of house but still must love his wife. Love like Jesus’ love for the church
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19
Q

4 quotes from Ephesians 5:22-23

A
  • ‘wives, be subject to your husband’ verse 22
  • ‘husband is the head of the wife’ verse 23
  • ‘husbands, love your wives’ verse 25
  • ‘a wife should respect her husband’ verse 33
20
Q

what does Luke 14:26 suggest about gender and society

A
  • ‘does not hate father and mother, wife and children, brothers and sisters… cannot be my disciple’
  • to be a disciple you have to detach yourself from family members so you can put all of your love into Jesus
21
Q

what does Galatians 3:27-28 suggest about gender and society

A
  • ’ there is no longer male and female’
  • no sexes in society
  • existentialist view
22
Q

problems with texts like Ephesians, Luke and Galatians

A
  • these verses were all written by men

- responses to the context of that day. Different problems today

23
Q

4 points on what Rosemary Radford- Ruether interprets on Ephesians

A
  • patriarchy wasn’t originally in Ephesians
  • ‘head’ in ‘husband is the head of the house’ can also mean ‘source of life’. Adam was the source of life for Eve as in Genesis Eve was made out of Adam’s rib
  • the main message is about mutual love and respect. The relationship should mirror the love of Christ for the church
  • we are all equal
24
Q

what is the Old Testament views of family

A

-includes many types of family that included slaves, polygamy, concubines and their children.

25
Q

New Testament biblical view of family

A

-includes households (slaves, employed workers, children)

26
Q

4 points on Rosemary Radford-Reuther’s ideas on biblical views of family

A
  • diverse ideas of family
  • rooted in the culture of the time
  • there may be no biblical view of family
  • the early Jesus movement may have had an inclusive view of family
27
Q

why may conservative Christians view secular feminism with suspicion

A

because they think it undermines family values and promotes sexual immortality

28
Q

the Roman Catholic Church views women and men as…

A

equal but different

29
Q

what is a liberal Christians response to secular views of gender, gene equality and gender roles

A
  • Jesus was non judgemental
  • e.g. a women caught in adultery. Jesus’s reply ‘let him with no sin cast the first stone’. John 8.
  • accept that relationships are difficult and break down
  • have emphasise, forgiveness and a fresh start. Allow divorce and marriage
  • some also accept marriage between same sex couples, but this remains a difficult issue for some churches
30
Q

Elisabeth Schlusser Florenza is a reformist catholic theologian. What is her quote? what does it mean?

A
  • ‘I argue that women were not marginal at the earliest beginnings of Christianity; rather, biblical texts and historical sources produce marginality of women. Hence texts just be interrogated not only as to what they say about women but also how they construct what they say or do not say’
  • at the beginning of Christina’s women weren’t treated as insignificant. It was biblical texts and historical sources that resulted in women being treated as insignificant
31
Q

what does Catharina Halkes think about Christian responses to secular views of gender

A
  • Jesus’ teaching on the kingdom of God required social and spiritual transformation
  • women should extend their gift of care into all aspects of public life and men should give up entitlement to power and privilege
  • aim for female and male mutuality
32
Q

who is another reformist Catholic theologian

A

rosemary Radford Ruether

33
Q

explain the roles of men and women seen in mulieris dignitatem

A
  • women’s main role is to give birth
  • men also play a part in parenthood. The man learns his fatherhood from the mother. He is ‘outside’ the pregnancy
  • men and women are different but have complimentary characteristics
34
Q

explain motherhood as a special gift from mulieris dignitatem

A
  • ’ motherhood implies from the beginning a special opennessto the new person’
  • ’ it expresses the women’s joy and awareness’
  • ‘gives rise to an attitude towards human beings ‘
  • motherhood gives women a special insight into the mystery of life
35
Q

explain mutuality of men and women from mulieris dignitatum

A
  • ’ I have given you a child, her words also mean ‘this is our child’. Equality between sexes
  • parenthood belongs to both but it doesn’t say wether this is an equal responsibility
  • both parents are important but mother has the most demanding part. Fathers should learn from mothers who are an example
36
Q

explain active motherhood from mulieris dignitatem

A
  • being a mother isn’t passive. It’s struggles and joys are also part of gods covenant
  • ’ the women, as mother and first teacher of the human being’
  • ’ motherhood in the bio-physical sense appears to be passive’
37
Q

explain Marry in mulieris dignitatem

A
  • the example as the mother of god. Theotokas
  • she shows the special value God places on motherhood for all women
  • through pain of childbirth ( a result of original sin ) mothers share in a special way the suffering of Christ
38
Q

Should official Christian teaching resist secular views of gender ?

3 points for no

A
  • Ruther would argue no. We need more anti family ideas as Jesus encourages this
  • Jesus was against these traditional gender roles. Galatians 3:27-28 ‘there is no longer male and female’
  • Catharina Halkes suggest that Jesus’s teaching requires spiritual and social transformations to aim for female and male equality
39
Q

Should official Christian teaching resist secular views of gender ?

3 points for yes

A
  • Ephesians 5. Women have to serve their husbands
  • God created the world and men above women so should keep it like this. Genesis 3:16 ‘he shall rule over you’
  • men and women have different complementary characteristics given by God
40
Q

Have modern views on gender equality weakened Christian gender roles ?

2 points for yes

A
  • Catholics and fundamentalist would argue yes

- gods authority in the bible. Women serve men. Genesis and Ephesians 5

41
Q

Have modern views on gender equality weakened Christian gender roles?

4 points for no

A
  • Jesus is none judgemental
  • women can have more independence now in the churches
  • Catharina. Kingdom of God requires spiritual and social change
  • Elisabeth Florenza . Christianity only started treating women as less in the Bible. It never use to be like this
42
Q

Background on Mulieris Dignitayum

A
  • written by pope john Paul the 2nd in 1988
  • to clarify the catholic position on the dignity and rights of women
  • this is the Catholic Churches view
  • documents like this aren’t frequent.
43
Q

explain Anna Oakley’s alternative view on motherhood

A
  • ’ clearly society has a tremendous stake in insisting on a women’s natural fitness for the career of mother: the alternatives are all to expensive ‘
  • females are innately born to be mothers and look after children.
  • the alternative is nursery which is costly.
  • on the other hand, stay at home mothers can’t go out and get jobs which effects the family income
44
Q

explain Simone de Beauvoir’s alternative view on motherhood

A
  • ’ I am not against motherhood, I am against the ideology which expects every women to have children, and I am against the circumstances under which mothers have to have children’
  • doesn’t agree that within the church marriage is the best environment to bring up children. Not the case for everyone couple / mother
  • wouldn’t agree with mulieris dignitatem
  • motherhood forces the women to suspend her own interests and she is unable to develop as an individual
45
Q

two points on reflections of motherhood

A
  • other Christian denominations teach that women have a special dignity due to their capacity for motherhood
  • the catholic view may alienate those who can’t have children
46
Q

explain the sociologist, Ann Oakley’s view on motherhood

A
  • there is no such thing as a biological ‘maternal instinct’ but it is a purely social construct imposed on women
  • she interviewed many women and described their frustrations at having to stay at home to care for young children

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