Gender and Social Movements Flashcards
How is a social movement explained by Sidney Tarrow
“Collective challenges by people with common purposes and solidarity in sustained inteeraction with elites, opponents and authorities”
What types of social movements are there?
Revolutionary: dedicated to revolutionary reforms and gaining som control of the government
Reformative: look to make minor changes to society rather than major, radical changes
Consverative: oppose other social movements that are fighting for change. Wants to preserve exisiting values and norms
Redemptive: radical movements that are focused on the individual
What has oftened happened when women assert power and ask for equality?
it has almost always been percieved as dangerous
What did feminism as a grass root movement play a key role in?
Rising gender issues in society, science, politics and culture
What kind of strategies have been used to marginalise feminism?
Stereotyping, caricaturing. Building an idea that feminists are extremists who wants to see women above men
Who have been leading feminists of the past?
Mary Wollstonecraft. Marie le Jars de Gournay
How many waves of feminism are there?
- Alternatively 4
What was the first wave of feminism?
1840-1925 in Europa and the US. It was the suffragete movments. It was a branch of anti-slavery movement who seeked voting rights for women, as well as other political rights at the time
What was the 2nd wave of feminism?
1960-1990. The desire to articulate fundamental political rights in economic and social terms in terms of reconciling relations between women and men
What was the 3rd wave of feminism?
Emerged in 1980-1990 among academics and activists. Stronger voices of women of colour. Influenced by postmodernism, queer theory etc. It came as a response to contradictions of the 2nd wave. Focus on embracing individualism and diversity
How did the women in the 1st wave of feminism come together?
they organised women’s organisations
What are one of the causes of the 1st wave of feminism?
Urbanisation and industrialisation in the Western world created dramatic changes in the workplace, the family, and the lives of women and men
In which countries did the suffragette movement come from?
Mainly UK and US
What did often the suffragette movement face?
Criminalisation and strong opposition
Who were usually the women fighting in the suffragette movement?
Middle class women who wanted voting, employment and education rights. They had usually a normative notion of femininity
Give examples of Suffragette organisations that sprung up
AWSA: American Woman Suffrage Association
NAWSA: Natinoal American Woman Suffrage Assocation
Who was Elizabeth Cady Stanton?
A black rights activist and the first apostle of feminism. She fought against slavery of women
Who was Emmeline Pankhurst?
She was the leader of the British suffrage movement
What was the anti-suffrage movement?
Feared domination of women and femininity of men. Published postcards of gloomy future of humanity when women gain civil and political rights
In which country did women get voting rights first?
New Zealand in 1893
What did the first wave of feminism achieve?
Women got the right to vote, and to be elected. Could, theoretically, study with men. Women started working in factories, offices and public places, but for low paid wages. Women were still stigmatised in this new spaces
What was the goals of the 2nd wave of feminism?
Civil rights. Included a wide range of issues such as sexuality, family, the workplace, reproductive rights, de facto inequalities, official legal inequalities. Focused on critisising the patriarchal institutions and cultural practices in society. Also drew attention to domestic violence and marital rape
Who were the people of the 2nd wave of feminism?
Very often students. It was a student movement
In 2nd wave of feminism, socialist feminism emerged, what is it?
A socialist vision of the humanistic world the redistribution of goods and the abolition of the seperation between the ruling class and the ruling
What are we talking about when we talk about radical feminism in 2nd wave?
Seing women’s reproductive rights, rape, prostitution, marriage etc. as instruments of patriarchal oppression
Sometimes we talk about a 4th wave of feminism. What is it?
began around 2012. Focus on empowerment of women and the use of internet tools (justice against assault, harassment, #MeToo). Centered around intersectionality. Fight against the system of power. Equal work and equal opportunities
What is post-feminism?
A critique of 2nd or 3rd wave of feminism. Thinking that feminism has gone beyond “difference” and binary thinking
What is anti-feminism/anti-gender?
A movement that stresses an importance to traditional gender roles and hierarchies. Usually nationalistic and homophobic. Often brings out the idea that gender equality already exists. This movement is often associated with far-right and questions liberal democracy
What are profeminists?
A term often used for men who supports feminism, and who believe that expansion of women’s rights also benefit men.
What is known as the starting point for the LGBTQ+ movement?
Stonewall uprising in 1969. Then we get the Gay Liberation Movement who fought for sexual liberation, while creating a seperate gay culture for safety
How was lesbians facing two types of oppression?
Being homosexual was outlawed, but also being a woman was problematic in the patriarchal society
