Gender and crime

Question 1

What is theory one of gender and crime?

Answer 1

Underreported and unnoticed
Typically female crimes such as shoplifting
Less likely to be reported and noticed and compared to sexual or violent crimes

Question 2

What is a statistic for theory one?

Answer 2

4% of the total population in prison are women.

Question 3

What is theory two of gender and crime?

Answer 3

Chivalry thesis
Polack
Women are more likely to be treated leniently by formal control agencies

Question 4

What are statistics to support theory two?

Answer 4

Police force - 65% men
High court judges - 84% men

Question 5

What is the chivalry thesis?

Answer 5

Men are socialised to be chivalrous to women
- protective
- paternalistic

Question 6

What evidence supports the chivalry thesis?

Answer 6

Official stats
Females get
- more bail
- less custodial sentences
- shorter prison sentences

Question 7

Who goes against the chivalry thesis?

Answer 7

Heidenshon

Question 8

What does heidenson say?

Answer 8

Women are judged on standards of society and ‘double deviance’

Question 9

What is theory three of gender and crime?

Answer 9

Sex role theory
Parsons
Sociobiological approach
Due to biology and process of natural socialisation
Women are nurturing and so are incapable/do not want to commit crime

Question 10

What is female socialisation?

Answer 10

Expressive role
caring and nurturing
reduces likelyhood of causing harm later on

Question 11

What is male socialisation?

Answer 11

Traditional role
Dominant
Young boys look for models for masculine/agressive outlets
so reject feminine forms of behaviour.

Question 12

What is theory four of gender and crime?

Answer 12

Heidenson
Patriarchal control
Women have atleadt one male figure who doesn’t want them to commit crime
Men tend to control women
Restricted from committing crime
glass ceiling effect.

Question 13

What are criticisms of theory four?

Answer 13

isn’t up to date
- higher divorce rates
- less marriage
undermines women’s freewill
women’s behaviour is too determined by external factors

Question 14

What is theory five of gender and crime?

Answer 14

Carlen
Class and gender roles
Working class are more likely to commit crime

Question 15

What was Carlens study?

Answer 15

Untructured interviews
tape recorded
Young women engaged with crime

Question 16

What were the two deals Carlen found?

Answer 16

Class deal
Gender deal

Question 17

What is the class deal?

Answer 17

If you work hard you are financially rewarded
She found that those who had the class deal denied it denied them power, lead to more poverty and resorted to crime.

Question 18

What is the gender deal?

Answer 18

if you are a good mother and wife you will be treated well.
When women complied with social expectations they saw few rewards
They were subject to abuse if roles weren’t adhered to

Question 19

What did Carlen find?

Answer 19

poverty and disorganised family were the primary factors of women’s criminality.

Question 20

What are negatives of theory five?

Answer 20

Undermines free will
lacks validity as it is a small sample
only focuses on working class.

Question 21

What is theory six of gender and crime?

Answer 21

Adler
Liberalisation theory
Women are becoming more equal in society
They now commit as more/more crime
Patriarchal control is weaker

Question 22

Are women committing more?

Answer 22

Victimisation of females
- victim surveys don’t match police stats
- caught more in net wideningng less serious crimes
Media show women as acting disorderly influencers criminal justicee system and sentencing.

Question 23

what did Messerschmidt?

Answer 23

hegemonic masculinity
mean strive for masculinity and obtain where they can
crime and deviance are a masculine resource
men use it in different ways

Question 24

How do white middle class men use crime?

Answer 24

subordination in schools leads to masculinity founded outside of school via minor deviance

Question 25

How do white working class men use crime?

Answer 25

less % of success in education so are deviant in and outside of school

Question 26

How do black working class men use crime?

Answer 26

Fewer expectations of jobs
Gang membership to seek masculinity.

Question 27

What does Winlow say?

Answer 27

Globalisation leads to decline in traditional manual jobs
Many working class men could express masculine through
Increase in night time leisure economy
- legal employment
- criminal opportunity to express masculinity