Crime prevention and punishment

Question 1

What does Clarke argue about situational crime prevention?

Answer 1

A pre-emptive approach that focuses on reducing opportunities for crime by altering the environment.
Specific crimes are targeted
Altering the immediate environment of the crime
increase efforts and risks of crime and reduce rewards.

Question 2

What is an evaluation of situational crime prevention?

Answer 2

Displacement argue that it does no reduce crime but it moves it elsewhere

Question 3

What did Chaiken study and find?

Answer 3

A crackdown on subway robberies in New York, the criminal simply moved else where.

Question 4

What is the displacement theory?

Answer 4

Spatial
moving elsewhere to commit the crime
Temporal
Committing it at a different time
Target
Choosing a different victim
Tactical
Using a different method

Question 5

What does Decius argue about situational crime prevention?

Answer 5

More successful for a social phenomenon rather than a crime.
19060s suicide by gassing accounted for 50% of suicide rate
The move from highly tocis gas to natural gas resulted in a decline and by 1997 fallen to near 0 cases.

Question 6

What are positives of situational crime prevention according to right realism?

Answer 6

Tackles presumptive an opportunistic crime
Personal responsibility

Question 7

What are negatives of situational crime prevention?

Answer 7

Crime displacement theory
Ignores root causes of crime
Ignored white collar crime

Question 8

What did Wilson and Kelling argue about environmental crime prevention?

Answer 8

Changing the broader area of the environment in which crime takes place by increasing formal and informal social control measure

Question 9

What is the broken window theory?

Answer 9

Absence of formal and informal social control increases likelihood of crime.

Question 10

What did Kelling study?

Answer 10

Clean car program in New York
Subway cars in New York were subject to graffit
CCP initiated meant that every car that was sprayed had to be cleaned within 2 hours
This Z.T.P policing saw reduction dare, drug taking, homelessness

Question 11

What are solutions in environmental crime prevention?

Answer 11

Zero tolerance policing
Antisocial behaviour order
3 strikes rule in america

Question 12

What are positives of environmental crime prevention?

Answer 12

Prevents escalation

Question 13

What are negatives of environmental crime prevention?

Answer 13

Displacement theory
Deals with symptom not cause
ignores white collar and corporate crime

Question 14

What do left realists argue about social and community crime prevention?

Answer 14

Aims to remove the conditions that make individuals commit crime
Aims to tackle the root cause of crime rather than opportunity.

Question 15

What are cause of crime rooted in social conditions?

Answer 15

Poverty
Unemployment
Poor housing
Social reform programs are made to combat these issues and therefore prevent crime

Question 16

What is an example of a community project?

Answer 16

Perry preschool program
Teach mothers house to help with development of their children by extending preschool curriculum to home

Question 17

What is an example of an intervention project?

Answer 17

Trouble families program
Targeted support to families experiencing multiple complex programmes

Question 18

What do Kinsey, Lea and Young argue about police accountability?

Answer 18

It should be strengthened
Involving local communities in decision making and priorities community concerns

Question 19

What are positives of social and community crime prevention?

Answer 19

Backed by research
Wider social issues

Question 20

What are negatives of social and community crime prevention?

Answer 20

Assumes value conscious
Cost
Ignores white collar and corporate crime

Question 21

What are reasons for punishing crime?

Answer 21

Reduction
Deterrence
Rehabilitation
Incapacitation
Eg. Norwegian prisons vs American prisons.

Question 22

What does Durkheim argue about retributive justice?

Answer 22

Traditional justice
Society is held together between similarities between people
When this is broken, punishment is severe and expressive
EG. religion

Question 23

What does Durkheim argue about restitutive justice?

Answer 23

Modern society
Society is based on interdependence between individuals
If this is damaged, then these needs repairing and punishment should instrumental in restoring it.
EG. Compensation

Question 24

What do Marxists argue the purpose of punishment is?

Answer 24

Punishment and prisons is conducted to maintain the social class system via part of the R.S.A to further alienate the working lass and to avoid class consciousness leading to revolution

Question 25

What are forms of punishment in a communist economy?

Answer 25

Enduring hard labour and woking for the collective goods Gulags in the USSR

Question 26

What are forms of punishment in capitalist society?

Answer 26

Restricts individuals freedom of liberty and suffer economic hardship Restriction of a perons rights

Question 27

What is the average cost of a UK prisoner per year?

Answer 27

£46,700 per prisoner per year.

Question 28

What is recidivism?

Answer 28

The act of someone repeating an undesirable behaviour even after negative consequences. Imprisonment is an ineffective way of rehabilitation.

Question 29

What were re-offending rates in 2022?

Answer 29

US - 36% US - 25.5% Norway - 20%

Question 30

What is mass incarnation?

Answer 30

the extreme and disproportionate imprisonment rates in the United States, particularly affecting marginalized groups like young, African American men

Question 31

What does Garland argue about mass incarnation?

Answer 31

modern society is obsessed with imprisonment, shifting from punishing individuals to controlling entire social groups.

Question 32

What is transcreation?

Answer 32

The process of moving individuals between institutions of control forming a cycle of control Eg. Foster care - young offenders - mental institutionalisation - adult prison

Question 33

What is an alternative to prison?

Answer 33

Diverse programs which redirect offenders away from traditional justice systems toward rehabilitation or restorative approaches.