Gender

Question 1

official statistics

Answer 1

By their 40th birthday 1/3 males have convictions and only 1/10 for woman.

Men are responsible for about 4/5 recorded offences.

Question 2

Frances Heidensohn (1996)

Answer 2

suggests gender differences are the most significant feature of recorded crime

Question 3

men are cautioned more than woman.

Answer 3

7x more likely for criminal damage

5x more likely for violence against a person

Question 4

Carol Smart (1976)

Answer 4

Most crimes committed by women tend to be of a comparatively trivial nature

Question 5

Pollack

Answer 5

Official statistics underestimate female criminality

The chivalry thesis

Men have a protective attitude towards women

Question 6

Hood (1992)

Answer 6

Study of over 3,000 defendants found that woman were one third less likely to be jailed in similar cases

Question 7

Farrington and Morris

Answer 7

study found that women were not sentenced more leniently for comparable offences

Question 8

Box

Answer 8

agreed wit F and M

Review of British and American self-report studies also concludes that women who commit serious offences are not treated more favourably than men

Question 9

Yearnshire

Answer 9

found that a woman typically suffers 35 assaults before reporting domestic violence

Question 10

Stewart

Answer 10

found magistrates perceptions of female defendants characters were based on stereotypical gender roles

Question 11

Carlen

Answer 11

Poverty and bein brought up in care or an oppressive family were the two main causes of their criminality

when women are jailed it is less for the seriousness of their crimes and more according to the court’s assessment of them as wives mothers and daughters

Question 12

Lombroso and Ferrero

Answer 12

Argued that criminality is innate very few females are born criminal

Question 13

Parsons

Answer 13

traces differences in crime and deviance to the gender roles in the conventional nuclear family

instrumental and expressive

sex role theory

Question 14

Walklate

Answer 14

criticises sex role theory for its biological assumptions

although women have the biological capacity to bear children doesn’t mean they are best suited for te expressive role

Question 15

Heidensohn

Answer 15

patriarchal society imposes greater control over women and this reduces their opportunities to offend

Question 16

Adler

Answer 16

As women become liberated from patriarchy their crimes will become as frequent and as serious as mens

Question 17

Chesney-Lind

Answer 17

criticises Adler (liberation thesis)

poor and marginalised women are more likely than liberated women to be criminals