Ethnicity

Question 1

Phillips and Bowling (2007)

Answer 1

note that there have been many allegations of oppressive policing of minority communities

Question 2

Bowlin and Pillips (2007)

Answer 2

suggested that ethnic minority areas are over-policed so that crime is more likely to be detected

black people are likely to be criminalised leading to social exclusion

Question 3

Skolnick (1966)

Answer 3

described a police canteen culture that was racist perceived young black people as the typical offenders

Question 4

Hood (1992)

Answer 4

blacks are five times more likely to be in prison what whites

Question 5

Gilroy (1982)

Answer 5

reject the view that official statistics reflect real life. Rather, they are the outsiders a social construction that stereotype minorities as more criminal than whites. Gilroy argues that the idea of black criminality is a myth created by racist stereotypes. Therefore, these groups aren’t any more criminal than any other ethnic group.

Question 6

Hall et al (1979)

Answer 6

saw a moral panic over ‘black muggers’ that served the interests of capitalism

The myth of the young black mugger served as a scapegoat to distract the attention from the true cause of society’s problems such as unemployment. Moreover, by presenting black youths as a threat to society, the moral panic served to divide the working class on racial grounds to weaken opposition to capitalism,

Question 7

official statistics

Answer 7

Black people (and Asian people to a lesser extent) are over-represented

Black people are 3% of the population but 13.1% of the prison population. Asian people are 6.5% of the population but 7.7% of the prison population.

Figures for England and Wales show that in 2014/15 the arrest rate for blacks was three times the rate for whites.

Question 8

Ministry of Justice

Answer 8

Black people are seven times more likely than white people to be stopped and searched,

Question 9

Downes and Rock

Answer 9

Halls study fails to show how moral panic over mugging was caused by a crisis of British capitalism

Question 10

Mawby and Batta (1980)

Answer 10

found that Asians committed few crimes because of the emphasis on family honour which encouraged conformism

Question 11

Desai (1999)

Answer 11

found that young Asian men were taking a more aggressive stance in combating racist attacks

Question 12

Alexander (2000)

Answer 12

argues the media image of a growing problem of Asian gangs is something of a myth. Although there was some violence in the area of south London covered in her study it was really exaggerated by the media.