Gender

Question 1

What is sex?

Answer 1

Biological and physical characteristics

Question 2

What is gender?

Answer 2

Cultural and social interpretations of sex, behavioral expectations and roles

Question 3

What is gender identity?

Answer 3

How you see yourself and how others see you based on sex

Question 4

What does Parson say?

Answer 4

Women have expressive role, men have instrumental role

Question 5

What is the expressive role?

Answer 5

Based upon hildbearing abilities, caring and nurturing

Question 6

What is the instrumental role?

Answer 6

Bread winner, protector, based on physical strength

Question 7

What is biological determinist?

Answer 7

Biology determines gender identity and role

Question 8

What is social constructist?

Answer 8

Socialisation and nurture shape gender identity

Question 9

What does Mac n Ghail say?

Answer 9

Boys earn to be men through peer groups at school, hyper-masculinity, main source of identity for macho lads

Question 10

What does Ann Oakley?

Answer 10

Children are socialised into gender roles by the family

Question 11

What does Blackman say?

Answer 11

Studied female students at school who used sexuality to challenge male culture and sexism of teachers and make peers, assertive femininity

Question 12

What do Osier and Vincent say?

Answer 12

Found girls in secondary school unwilling to pose challenges to authority as didn’t want to get in trouble as it would affect their reputation, normative feminity

Question 13

What did Connel say?

Answer 13

Found 4 types of masculinity: hegemonic, marginalised, subordinate, complicit

Question 14

What does Ann Oakley say?

Answer 14

Four processes in family socialise children into gender identity, manipulation, canonisation, verbal applications, different activities

Question 15

What is manipulation?

Answer 15

Encoruganing stereotypically acceptable for behaviour for the child’s gender

Question 16

What is canalisation?

Answer 16

Channelling a childs interests in toys, games and activities that are considered the norm for their gender

Question 17

Verbal appellations

Answer 17

Nicknames and pet names, how talk to children, reinforce gender expectations

Question 18

Different activities

Answer 18

Encourage activities that reinforce gender stereotypes

Question 19

What is there evidence a child will do when they have worked out their socially appropriate identity?

Answer 19

Work hard constructing and maintaining it

Question 20

What did Francis find?

Answer 20

In role playing situations boys took on high status l, dominant roles and girls took on roles that expressed selfless nature behaviour

Question 21

What did Frosh et al say in regards to education?

Answer 21

Boys who valued academic success and committed to work were seen as feminine and oppositional to hegemonic masculinity

Question 22

What did frosh et al say in regards to peers?

Answer 22

Boys identified characteristics of hardness, having a look and anti school values as something to aspire to, girls agreed and suggested peer pressure was responsible for the behaviour of boys in groups

Question 23

What did Gaunttett say?

Answer 23

Magazines give advice on how to be attractive in relation to gender

Question 24

What did Gill and Herdieckerhoff say?

Answer 24

Chick lit persuades young women that their body is their main source of identity, promotes independent, sexually assertive heroines

Question 25

How do interactionalists believe individuals resist reinforcement of gender identity?

Answer 25

Human agency

Question 26

What does Jackson say?

Answer 26

Definition between masculinity and feminity in young people is becoming blurred, girls often take on laddish behaviour

Question 27

What does Butler say?

Answer 27

Young Asian women are keen to move beyond expected roles to persue higher education and careers