Gender Flashcards
What is sex?
Biological and physical characteristics
What is gender?
Cultural and social interpretations of sex, behavioral expectations and roles
What is gender identity?
How you see yourself and how others see you based on sex
What does Parson say?
Women have expressive role, men have instrumental role
What is the expressive role?
Based upon hildbearing abilities, caring and nurturing
What is the instrumental role?
Bread winner, protector, based on physical strength
What is biological determinist?
Biology determines gender identity and role
What is social constructist?
Socialisation and nurture shape gender identity
What does Mac n Ghail say?
Boys earn to be men through peer groups at school, hyper-masculinity, main source of identity for macho lads
What does Ann Oakley?
Children are socialised into gender roles by the family
What does Blackman say?
Studied female students at school who used sexuality to challenge male culture and sexism of teachers and make peers, assertive femininity
What do Osier and Vincent say?
Found girls in secondary school unwilling to pose challenges to authority as didn’t want to get in trouble as it would affect their reputation, normative feminity
What did Connel say?
Found 4 types of masculinity: hegemonic, marginalised, subordinate, complicit
What does Ann Oakley say?
Four processes in family socialise children into gender identity, manipulation, canonisation, verbal applications, different activities
What is manipulation?
Encoruganing stereotypically acceptable for behaviour for the child’s gender
What is canalisation?
Channelling a childs interests in toys, games and activities that are considered the norm for their gender
Verbal appellations
Nicknames and pet names, how talk to children, reinforce gender expectations
Different activities
Encourage activities that reinforce gender stereotypes
What is there evidence a child will do when they have worked out their socially appropriate identity?
Work hard constructing and maintaining it
What did Francis find?
In role playing situations boys took on high status l, dominant roles and girls took on roles that expressed selfless nature behaviour
What did Frosh et al say in regards to education?
Boys who valued academic success and committed to work were seen as feminine and oppositional to hegemonic masculinity
What did frosh et al say in regards to peers?
Boys identified characteristics of hardness, having a look and anti school values as something to aspire to, girls agreed and suggested peer pressure was responsible for the behaviour of boys in groups
What did Gaunttett say?
Magazines give advice on how to be attractive in relation to gender
What did Gill and Herdieckerhoff say?
Chick lit persuades young women that their body is their main source of identity, promotes independent, sexually assertive heroines
