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Latin American Politics > Gender > Flashcards

Gender Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the gender agenda

A

Action plans and policies to combat gender inequality
Policies that advance women’s rights in the areas of freedom from violence, reproductive rights and the participation and political representation of women in the legislature

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2
Q

What is the regional average of women in parliament

A

31%

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3
Q

What two countries do not have a gender quota for the legislature

A

Venezuela and Guatemala

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4
Q

What was the regional average of women in parliament before any quotas were introduced

A

13.8%

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5
Q

In what year was the first Brazil gender quota introduced

A

1995

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6
Q

What percentage of Brazilian legislators were female before 1995

A

6.5%

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7
Q

What did the 1995 quota in Brazil introduce

A

For the following years municipal council elections at least 20% of all candidates for all parties were required to be women

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8
Q

Want increase in the percentage of female councillors in Brazil was shown after the 1995 quota was introduced

A

7.5% -11.1%

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9
Q

What quota was introduced in 1997 in Brazil

A

Parties had to reserve between 30% and 70% of candidacies for male and female candidates for the 1998 election

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10
Q

Why were quotas in Brazil originally failures

A

Quotas were ignored

There were no sanctions

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11
Q

When were sanctions first introduced in Brazil regarding gender quotas

A

2014

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12
Q

What percentage of candidates are now women in Brazil

A

31%

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13
Q

What percentage of legislators were women in 2018 in Brazil

A

9.5

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14
Q

What rank is Brazil globally regarding women’s representation in the legislature

A

152

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15
Q

What stereotypically patriarchal countries are currently beating Brazil regarding female representation in the legislature

A

Afghanistan and Iraq

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16
Q

How did superior court justice Luciano Lossio describe Brazilian politics

A

“The political arena is a sexist, patriarchal environment that closes its doors to women”

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17
Q

What percentage of cabinet ministers are female in Brazil

A

7.1

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18
Q

How many female presidents has Brazil had

A

1 - Dilma Rousseff

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19
Q

How many gender equality bills were introduced to the chamber of deputies during Dilma Rousseff’s presidency

A

475

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20
Q

How many gender equality bills were passed by the chamber of deputies during Dilma Rouseff’s first term as president

A

27

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21
Q

Why is it beneficial from gender equality to have more women in parliament

A

Equal representation

Women introduce more gender equality bills

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22
Q

What percentage of male candidates finance do female candidates receive in Brazil

A

51%

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23
Q

Why is a closed list PR system more beneficial for gender representation than closed list systems

A

In open lists there is no rank order of candidates in the list and voters select specific candidates for the party in each district. Seats aspire allocated proportional but based on the number of preferential votes. This means that even if a party gets 9 seats there is no guarantee a women will get any seats
In a closed list the party presents a rank order of candidates in each district and voters vote for the entire list
This insures that if a party wins 9 seats in a district 3 will be held by women

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24
Q

What percentage of deputies in Argentina were women before they quota

A

4.2

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25
Q

When was the gender quota introduced in Argentina

A

1991

26
Q

What is the Argentina quota law

A

30% of all candidates for all parties must be female

27
Q

What percentage of chamber of deputies members in Argentina were female in 1993

A

21.3

28
Q

What percentage of parliament seats are currently held by women in Argentina

A

38

29
Q

What percentage of women’s rights bills are tabled by women in Argentina

A

78

30
Q

Why might the high percentage of women in parliament not actually lead to representation

A

Low numbers of women in top positions

31
Q

What percentage of women have successfully been elected to executive positions in Buenos Aires

A

3

32
Q

How many mayors have been elected in Buenos Aires since the return of democracy in 1983

A

1180

33
Q

How many mayors of Buenos Aires have been women

A

29

34
Q

What is a famous quote regarding women and politics in Latin America

A

With few women in politics women change, with many women in politics, politics changes

35
Q

What factors cause gender policies to be more likely to pass

A 
The issue challenges entrenched religious and class interests in a way that attracts allies from across the political spectrum 
A large amount of female legislators allows individual women to emerge as critical actors
Executive branch officials- especially presidents and ministers- implement the policy which includes responding to legislators and civil societies demands for redress in case of noncompliance
36
Q

What percentage of Mexico’s senate are women

A

49

37
Q

What percentage of Mexico’s chamber of deputies are women

A

48

38
Q

Where is Mexico ranked globally for women in parliament

A

4

39
Q

When was the gender quota law introduced in Mexico

A

2002

40
Q

What percentage of candidates are required to be women in Mexico

A

30

41
Q

What percentage of Mexico’s chamber of deputies were women before the quota

A

16.8

42
Q

What percentage of Mexico’s senate were women before the quota

A

18

43
Q

How did parties initially avoid an increase in women being elected in Mexico after the quota was introduced

A

Didn’t provide the same resources
Running female candid in districts the party never wins
Forcing female winners to resign so men can take their place

44
Q

What did the 2014 constitutional reform do to gender quotas in Mexico

A

Increased quotas to 50%

Strengthened party guidelines

45
Q

Between 2014 and 2018 how many norms in penal and civil and family codes were reformed to reinforce gender rights in Mexico

A

450

46
Q

How has gender discrimination been reduced in Mexico

A

Misogyny made an illegal discrimination
Stricter sexual violence laws
Unequal pay made an economic and labour violence
Justice centres opened to eliminate abuse against women
Creation of national system of equality between men and women

47
Q

How much did the percentage of women murdered increase between 2015 and 2017 in Mexico

A

75%

48
Q

What percentage of women are in the workforce in Mexico

A

Less than 45

49
Q

How many managerial and leadership positions in the work force in Mexico are held by women

A

1 in 10

50
Q

How many commission chairs are men and women in Mexico

A

42 men and 19 women

51
Q

How many women are killed every day in mexico

A

6

52
Q

What factors have led to a failure of equal gender rights in Mexico

A

More spent on government advertisement than women’s rights projects
Party factions led by men - one headed by women who is on leave
Young women four times as likely to neither work or attend school
Working women often part of informal economy without social benefits, living wages or protections
Gender stereotypes

53
Q

How have gender stereotypes impacted Latin American women

A

Male violence considered normal
Bolivia and Cuba 40 of men think that it is a women’s fault if she is drunk and rapped even if unconscious
Machoism prevalent
Catholic Church dominated by men

54
Q

What were the impact of the zika outbreak in 2015 in Brazil

A

Causes deformities in unborn babies
Women told to postpone pregnancies
Contraception not easily available

55
Q

How has gender violence been reduced in Brazil

A

1988 constitution included provision on domestic violence

2004 - bodily harm law altered to specifically include domestic violence

56
Q

How has gender violence been reduced in Argentina

A

1994 constitution incorporated UN CEDAW

57
Q

Is abortion legal in Argentina

A

No - considered a crime against a life
Except in cases of rape or if the mothers life is threatened
2018 abortion bill rejected by senate

58
Q

Is abortion legal in Brazil

A

No - considered a crime against a life

Except in cases of rape or if the mothers life is threatened

59
Q

Is abortion legal in Mexico

A

It is legal in Mexico City until 12 weeks

Illegal in most states such as Guanajuato

60
Q

What is the women in equality foundations

A

Argentina ngo created in 1990 to combat gender violence and discrimination by promoting welfare, participation and empowerment in political social and economic fields-now UN consultant
Promoted the quota law
Develop campaigns to raise awareness of and defend women’s rights, promote legislative changes incorporating equality in politics, education health etc -empowerment of women through training on issues of power, negotiation, leadership, articulation among women leaders, problem analysis and decision making

Latin American Politics (10 decks)

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