Gender Flashcards
What is the gender agenda
Action plans and policies to combat gender inequality
Policies that advance women’s rights in the areas of freedom from violence, reproductive rights and the participation and political representation of women in the legislature
What is the regional average of women in parliament
31%
What two countries do not have a gender quota for the legislature
Venezuela and Guatemala
What was the regional average of women in parliament before any quotas were introduced
13.8%
In what year was the first Brazil gender quota introduced
1995
What percentage of Brazilian legislators were female before 1995
6.5%
What did the 1995 quota in Brazil introduce
For the following years municipal council elections at least 20% of all candidates for all parties were required to be women
Want increase in the percentage of female councillors in Brazil was shown after the 1995 quota was introduced
7.5% -11.1%
What quota was introduced in 1997 in Brazil
Parties had to reserve between 30% and 70% of candidacies for male and female candidates for the 1998 election
Why were quotas in Brazil originally failures
Quotas were ignored
There were no sanctions
When were sanctions first introduced in Brazil regarding gender quotas
2014
What percentage of candidates are now women in Brazil
31%
What percentage of legislators were women in 2018 in Brazil
9.5
What rank is Brazil globally regarding women’s representation in the legislature
152
What stereotypically patriarchal countries are currently beating Brazil regarding female representation in the legislature
Afghanistan and Iraq
How did superior court justice Luciano Lossio describe Brazilian politics
“The political arena is a sexist, patriarchal environment that closes its doors to women”
What percentage of cabinet ministers are female in Brazil
7.1
How many female presidents has Brazil had
1 - Dilma Rousseff
How many gender equality bills were introduced to the chamber of deputies during Dilma Rousseff’s presidency
475
How many gender equality bills were passed by the chamber of deputies during Dilma Rouseff’s first term as president
27
Why is it beneficial from gender equality to have more women in parliament
Equal representation
Women introduce more gender equality bills
What percentage of male candidates finance do female candidates receive in Brazil
51%
Why is a closed list PR system more beneficial for gender representation than closed list systems
In open lists there is no rank order of candidates in the list and voters select specific candidates for the party in each district. Seats aspire allocated proportional but based on the number of preferential votes. This means that even if a party gets 9 seats there is no guarantee a women will get any seats
In a closed list the party presents a rank order of candidates in each district and voters vote for the entire list
This insures that if a party wins 9 seats in a district 3 will be held by women
What percentage of deputies in Argentina were women before they quota
4.2
When was the gender quota introduced in Argentina
1991
What is the Argentina quota law
30% of all candidates for all parties must be female
What percentage of chamber of deputies members in Argentina were female in 1993
21.3
What percentage of parliament seats are currently held by women in Argentina
38
What percentage of women’s rights bills are tabled by women in Argentina
78
Why might the high percentage of women in parliament not actually lead to representation
Low numbers of women in top positions
What percentage of women have successfully been elected to executive positions in Buenos Aires
3
How many mayors have been elected in Buenos Aires since the return of democracy in 1983
1180
How many mayors of Buenos Aires have been women
29
What is a famous quote regarding women and politics in Latin America
With few women in politics women change, with many women in politics, politics changes
What factors cause gender policies to be more likely to pass
The issue challenges entrenched religious and class interests in a way that attracts allies from across the political spectrum A large amount of female legislators allows individual women to emerge as critical actors Executive branch officials- especially presidents and ministers- implement the policy which includes responding to legislators and civil societies demands for redress in case of noncompliance
What percentage of Mexico’s senate are women
49
What percentage of Mexico’s chamber of deputies are women
48
Where is Mexico ranked globally for women in parliament
4
When was the gender quota law introduced in Mexico
2002
What percentage of candidates are required to be women in Mexico
30
What percentage of Mexico’s chamber of deputies were women before the quota
16.8
What percentage of Mexico’s senate were women before the quota
18
How did parties initially avoid an increase in women being elected in Mexico after the quota was introduced
Didn’t provide the same resources
Running female candid in districts the party never wins
Forcing female winners to resign so men can take their place
What did the 2014 constitutional reform do to gender quotas in Mexico
Increased quotas to 50%
Strengthened party guidelines
Between 2014 and 2018 how many norms in penal and civil and family codes were reformed to reinforce gender rights in Mexico
450
How has gender discrimination been reduced in Mexico
Misogyny made an illegal discrimination
Stricter sexual violence laws
Unequal pay made an economic and labour violence
Justice centres opened to eliminate abuse against women
Creation of national system of equality between men and women
How much did the percentage of women murdered increase between 2015 and 2017 in Mexico
75%
What percentage of women are in the workforce in Mexico
Less than 45
How many managerial and leadership positions in the work force in Mexico are held by women
1 in 10
How many commission chairs are men and women in Mexico
42 men and 19 women
How many women are killed every day in mexico
6
What factors have led to a failure of equal gender rights in Mexico
More spent on government advertisement than women’s rights projects
Party factions led by men - one headed by women who is on leave
Young women four times as likely to neither work or attend school
Working women often part of informal economy without social benefits, living wages or protections
Gender stereotypes
How have gender stereotypes impacted Latin American women
Male violence considered normal
Bolivia and Cuba 40 of men think that it is a women’s fault if she is drunk and rapped even if unconscious
Machoism prevalent
Catholic Church dominated by men
What were the impact of the zika outbreak in 2015 in Brazil
Causes deformities in unborn babies
Women told to postpone pregnancies
Contraception not easily available
How has gender violence been reduced in Brazil
1988 constitution included provision on domestic violence
2004 - bodily harm law altered to specifically include domestic violence
How has gender violence been reduced in Argentina
1994 constitution incorporated UN CEDAW
Is abortion legal in Argentina
No - considered a crime against a life
Except in cases of rape or if the mothers life is threatened
2018 abortion bill rejected by senate
Is abortion legal in Brazil
No - considered a crime against a life
Except in cases of rape or if the mothers life is threatened
Is abortion legal in Mexico
It is legal in Mexico City until 12 weeks
Illegal in most states such as Guanajuato
What is the women in equality foundations
Argentina ngo created in 1990 to combat gender violence and discrimination by promoting welfare, participation and empowerment in political social and economic fields-now UN consultant
Promoted the quota law
Develop campaigns to raise awareness of and defend women’s rights, promote legislative changes incorporating equality in politics, education health etc -empowerment of women through training on issues of power, negotiation, leadership, articulation among women leaders, problem analysis and decision making
