gender

Question 1

what percentage of women are unable to receive bank loans and why?

Answer 1

75%

they are unemployed, have insecure jobs or have no capital as security for banks - property, business or land

Question 2

what percentage of the world’s wealth do women hold?

Answer 2

1%

Question 3

what fraction of the worlds illiterate population are women?

Answer 3

2/3

Question 4

where has preference for male children caused gender imbalance?

Answer 4

China and India

Question 5

what problems does a gender imbalance cause?

Answer 5

bare branches (more crime esp sexual assault from single men in their thirties)
increase in order brides
fewer women in business
fewer jobs filled in typical women roles - teacher, nurse
lower TFR

Question 6

what is the attitude to gender in development over time?

Answer 6

1970’s - recognised gender inequality and demanded women to be included in development schemes but didn’t tackle underlying issues such as the cultural influence on women
1980’s - recognised both men and women face disadvantages from the class and wealth distribution
late 1980’s - based on feminist ideas but did consider both sexes, the state needed to support the social reproductive role of women in society
2000’s - focus on rights and trying to change laws which discriminate against women, uses the convention of elimination of all forms of discrimination against women (cedaw) in 1979

Question 7

why should girls be educated? (5 points)

Answer 7

• enhanced economic development of the area
• education for the next generation
• protection, educated children less likely to be trafficked or exploited as workers
• healthier families, for every extra year of the mother’s education the rate of mortality for under fives, decreases 5-10%
• fewer maternal deaths, for every 1000 women, every extra year of education prevents 2 maternal deaths

Question 8

what is the ‘double dividend’ of gender equality?

Answer 8

improve the women’s lives and the lives of her children, these children are better educated more health and more able to break out of the cycle of poverty

Question 9

what is the ‘dual burden’?

Answer 9

women who work are still expected to do the childcare and housework they were doing before employment

Question 10

Liberia

• when was the women’s union set up?
• what was the money used for?
• who funds it?
• how has this helped them?

Answer 10

• 2009
• to farm 10 hectares of land for veg to sell
• UN development programme and the UN capita; development scheme
• are able to take more loans out and builds self-esteem and status

Question 11

how has globalization affected gender inequality?

Answer 11

women in developed areas go to work and leave the traditional role of caring for the children and elderly resulting in women from less developing countries becoming nannies, maids or workers in care homes

sweatshops place factories in places where women have a low status so wages are cheaper - long hours (14 in Sri Lanka) cut them off from society

going to work can be a new and liberating experience but only if their employers don’t take advantage

Question 12

benefits of focusing on gender in development (list 5)

Answer 12

• positive changes in gender relations
• more respectful social attitudes towards women
• more participation in decision making and politics
• women’s increased knowledge of their rights
• girls more likely to stay in school
• reduced violence against women
• support for domestic abuse and STDs
• male doctors know more about female health issues

Question 13

Kenya
- what is the lifetime risk of maternal death?
what percentage of women own their land?
- what stops women inheriting land?
- how many female MPs are there?
- what impact does urbanisation have?

Answer 13

• 1/39
• 5%
• cultural barriers
• 22/220
• men move to cities and women are left with the problems of overfarming and deforestation

Question 14

Japan

• what is the lifetime risk of maternal death?
• female enrollment in secondary school
• what was the birth rate in 1995 and 2008?
• what is expected to happen to the population by 2050?

Answer 14

• 1/12200
• 100%
• 1.54 and 1.29
• drop to 100m

Question 15

why is it important for women to have political representation?

Answer 15

issues such as domestic abuse, the spread of HIV, maternal mortality and lack of female education tend not be to be discussed
successful female politicians empower other women
the social multiplier - educated women spread knowledge of health, rights etc to others

Question 16

positive impacts of globalization on women

Answer 16

some people working in TNC compies can afford to send their children to school or girls not just boys

working women gain independence and social lives outside of the home

self-esteem

schemes like microloans are more accessible

more personal freedoms

spread of media with empowered women in it e.g. legally blonde

Question 17

negative impact of globalization on women

Answer 17

workers can be sacked for marrying, becoming pregnant or getting too old

women’s empowerment has led to fundamnetalism in some places

transnational migrants are mostly women and face racial and sexual abuse

TNC target areas where women have low status because they know they’ll have low paid workers

caring roles in developed countries left by local women and filled by migrants leaving a gap in their home countries

‘feminization of labour’ low pay non-skilled work geared at women

conflict with women from older generations who think they should fill the traditional role

Question 18

issues faced by women in LIC

Answer 18

gendercide

few rights - divorce controversy in India

lack of land rights - no control over food supply and no independence

lack of sexual rights - Afgan wife starving 2009