Gender

Question 1

how are humans sexually dimorphic?

Answer 1

men are about 8% taller and 20% heavier

• men have larger hearts and lungs
• girls reach physical maturity earlier than boys
• differences in hormone levels

Question 2

what does a d score summarise?

Answer 2

magnitude of difference

Question 3

what is the equation for d score?

Answer 3

male average- female average / pooled SD

Question 4

what would constitute a small d score?

Answer 4

d=0.2

85% overlap

Question 5

what would constitute a medium effect d score?

Answer 5

d=0.5

67% overlap

Question 6

what would constitute a large effect d score?

Answer 6

0.8

52% overlap

Question 7

what does physical aggression have a d score of?

Answer 7

0.40

average man is more aggresive than 69% of women

Question 8

what is the emotion decoding d score?

Answer 8

d=-0.102

avg. woman scores higher on emotion decoding than 84% of men

Question 9

what does upper body muscle mass have a d score of?

Answer 9

d=3

99.9% of men have more upper body muscle

Question 10

which 3 ways can sex differences be measures?

Answer 10

experiments
psychometric tests
meta analysis

Question 11

in which areas do males> females regarding sex difference?

Answer 11

• aggression
• risk taking
• Group Performance
• altruism
• speech style

Question 12

in which areas do females>males regarding sex difference

Answer 12

• decoding of emotion

- interpersonal communication

Question 13

what two things should psychometric tests be?

Answer 13

reliable: consistent in measurment over time and measuring a single underlying construct

Valid: test scores correlate with behavioural external criterion

Question 14

what did Bem suggest?

Answer 14

Masculinity and feminity were two separate dimensions

Question 15

what did the Bem Sex Role Inventory do?

Answer 15

List of words were generated
• Raters asked to state whether they were more
desirable in men or in women

Question 16

what 4 areas did the BSRI show?

Answer 16

Masculine
Feminine
Undifferentiated
Androgynous

Question 17

what were the general results of the BSRI?

Answer 17

women score higher than en on femininity and men score higher on masculinity

BUT..
People’s ratings of themselves as masculine or feminine don’t relate to their self-ratings

Question 18

what have others argued that bem’s scale actually measures?

Answer 18

Expressivity vs. Instrumentality (Spence 1974)
• Nurturance vs. Dominance (Wiggins 1989)
• Communion vs. Agency (Bakan 1966)

Question 19

what does learning theory state? (Mischel)

Answer 19

Boys and girls are

encouraged and rewarded for different behaviours. – Baby X studies

Question 20

what did Lytton and Romney’s research suggest

Answer 20

meta-analysis found no support for learning theory except for sex-typed toys
and chores

Question 21

What does SLT emphasise?

Answer 21

importance of modelling

Question 22

in terms of developmental approaches to gender differences which study doesn’t support gender and SLT?

Answer 22

Maccoby and Jacklin- sex of model by sex of child interaction not found in over 80 studies

Question 23

in terms of developmental approaches to gender differences which study does support gender and SLT?

Answer 23

– Imitation is found when model engages in sex-typical

behaviour (Perry & Bussey 1979)

Question 24

what did Perry & Bussey 1979 do and find?

Answer 24

Children watch 8 adult models (4 male and 4 female) perform
sequentially, selecting one of 2 stimuli over 16 trials.

high= 4/4
medium= 3/4
chance=2/4