Gender Flashcards
how are humans sexually dimorphic?
men are about 8% taller and 20% heavier
- men have larger hearts and lungs
- girls reach physical maturity earlier than boys
- differences in hormone levels
what does a d score summarise?
magnitude of difference
what is the equation for d score?
male average- female average / pooled SD
what would constitute a small d score?
d=0.2
85% overlap
what would constitute a medium effect d score?
d=0.5
67% overlap
what would constitute a large effect d score?
0.8
52% overlap
what does physical aggression have a d score of?
0.40
average man is more aggresive than 69% of women
what is the emotion decoding d score?
d=-0.102
avg. woman scores higher on emotion decoding than 84% of men
what does upper body muscle mass have a d score of?
d=3
99.9% of men have more upper body muscle
which 3 ways can sex differences be measures?
experiments
psychometric tests
meta analysis
in which areas do males> females regarding sex difference?
- aggression
- risk taking
- Group Performance
- altruism
- speech style
in which areas do females>males regarding sex difference
- decoding of emotion
- interpersonal communication
what two things should psychometric tests be?
reliable: consistent in measurment over time and measuring a single underlying construct
Valid: test scores correlate with behavioural external criterion
what did Bem suggest?
Masculinity and feminity were two separate dimensions
what did the Bem Sex Role Inventory do?
List of words were generated
• Raters asked to state whether they were more
desirable in men or in women
what 4 areas did the BSRI show?
Masculine
Feminine
Undifferentiated
Androgynous
what were the general results of the BSRI?
women score higher than en on femininity and men score higher on masculinity
BUT..
People’s ratings of themselves as masculine or feminine don’t relate to their self-ratings
what have others argued that bem’s scale actually measures?
Expressivity vs. Instrumentality (Spence 1974)
• Nurturance vs. Dominance (Wiggins 1989)
• Communion vs. Agency (Bakan 1966)
what does learning theory state? (Mischel)
Boys and girls are
encouraged and rewarded for different behaviours. – Baby X studies
what did Lytton and Romney’s research suggest
meta-analysis found no support for learning theory except for sex-typed toys
and chores
What does SLT emphasise?
importance of modelling
in terms of developmental approaches to gender differences which study doesn’t support gender and SLT?
Maccoby and Jacklin- sex of model by sex of child interaction not found in over 80 studies
in terms of developmental approaches to gender differences which study does support gender and SLT?
– Imitation is found when model engages in sex-typical
behaviour (Perry & Bussey 1979)
what did Perry & Bussey 1979 do and find?
Children watch 8 adult models (4 male and 4 female) perform
sequentially, selecting one of 2 stimuli over 16 trials.
high= 4/4
medium= 3/4
chance=2/4
