altruism

Question 1

what is pluralistic ignorance

Answer 1

nobody else seems worried

Question 2

what is ambiguity

Answer 2

e.g. is she sick or just drunk

Question 3

what is diffusion of responsibility?

Answer 3

someone else must have called 999

Question 4

what are latane and darleys five steps to emergency intervention

Answer 4

1) Notice
2) intepret as emergency
3) responsibility to help
4) how to help
5) provide help

Question 5

what did latane and darley show about pluralistic ignorance?

Answer 5

questionnairre alone/ with two others

-smoke into room

Alone 50% leave after 2 mins 75% by six mins

together 12% post 2 mins 38% by 6 mins

humans adapted need for others as well as them to process info

Question 6

what did latane and darley do/ show about diffusion of responsibility

Answer 6

headphones in cubicles
-epileptic fit–> help given in 60 seconds?

victim+participant= 85%

victim+participant+2=62%

Victim + participant + 4 = 31%

responsibility divisible by number present

Question 7

what happens to responsibility when co-witnesses are clearly not able to help.

Answer 7

it isn’t diffused

Question 8

what happens to responsibility when specifically attached to a bystander.

Answer 8

not diffused

Question 9

what did a meta analysis find the overall d size for bystander apathy was?

Answer 9

0.35

Question 10

when is the bystander effect reduces:

Answer 10

There is clear danger (no ambiguity; perpetrator is present; solution requires cooperation).
Dangerous emergencies are recognized faster and more clearly as real emergencies, thereby inducing higher levels of arousal and hence more helping

Question 11

when is the bystander effect increased

Answer 11

Among females; strangers; lab > field; increased number of bystanders

Question 12

which two ways does evolutionary theory explain altruism?

Answer 12

kinship and reciprocal altruism

Question 13

why evolutionary-wise is altruism a bit strange

Answer 13

mostly is more costly than not helping

non helping should become + in future generations

Question 14

what is hamilton’s rule of kin selection

Answer 14

C<br></br>

Question 15

what is the “auntie” problem

Answer 15

0.5 related to parent and 0.25 to child

Question 16

what is a real life example of when kin selection often occurs

Answer 16

live organ donation is + likely to relatives

accounts of fire at vacation complex Sime found that families grouped together in this situation

Question 17

when did trivers argue reciprocal altruism can occur?

Answer 17

Delayed “payback” of altruistic acts where
Benefit to recipient high (e.g. parasites removed)
Cost to donor low (e.g. grooming)
Likelihood that positions will be reversed in future

Question 18

what are the necessary conditions of Reciprocal altruism?

Answer 18

Social species
Stable groups
Good face recognition
Good long term memory
Non-cooperation with or punishment of defectors

Question 19

what is the prisoners dillema in terms of type of game?

Answer 19

Non-zero sum

• player only does well at loss to another
• both players benefit if they choose to cooperate

nash equalibrium

Question 20

what did Axelrod find in a computer programe competition?

Answer 20

most points won for tit-for-tat

-cooperation on first move and then subsequently respond in kind

Question 21

what is the generous tit for tat?

Answer 21

Cooperate on 1st move
Subsequently respond in kind
Cooperate on 1/3 defections

Question 22

what can be an issue with generous tit-for-tat?

Answer 22

a small number of cheaters can benefit from its generosity.

Question 23

what id generous tit-for-tat a good strategy for?

Answer 23

evolutionary stable strategy

Question 24

why may humans unlike animals act altrusistically in situations where the social group is unknown and they will never meet again

Answer 24

altruistic punishment

humans are over-altruistic and punish defectors .

Question 25

what is equity theory also

Answer 25

reciprocal altruism