altruism Flashcards
(25 cards)
what is pluralistic ignorance
nobody else seems worried
what is ambiguity
e.g. is she sick or just drunk
what is diffusion of responsibility?
someone else must have called 999
what are latane and darleys five steps to emergency intervention
1) Notice
2) intepret as emergency
3) responsibility to help
4) how to help
5) provide help
what did latane and darley show about pluralistic ignorance?
questionnairre alone/ with two others
-smoke into room
Alone 50% leave after 2 mins 75% by six mins
together 12% post 2 mins 38% by 6 mins
humans adapted need for others as well as them to process info
what did latane and darley do/ show about diffusion of responsibility
headphones in cubicles
-epileptic fit–> help given in 60 seconds?
victim+participant= 85%
victim+participant+2=62%
Victim + participant + 4 = 31%
responsibility divisible by number present
what happens to responsibility when co-witnesses are clearly not able to help.
it isn’t diffused
what happens to responsibility when specifically attached to a bystander.
not diffused
what did a meta analysis find the overall d size for bystander apathy was?
0.35
when is the bystander effect reduces:
There is clear danger (no ambiguity; perpetrator is present; solution requires cooperation).
Dangerous emergencies are recognized faster and more clearly as real emergencies, thereby inducing higher levels of arousal and hence more helping
when is the bystander effect increased
Among females; strangers; lab > field; increased number of bystanders
which two ways does evolutionary theory explain altruism?
kinship and reciprocal altruism
why evolutionary-wise is altruism a bit strange
mostly is more costly than not helping
non helping should become + in future generations
what is hamilton’s rule of kin selection
C<br></br>
what is the “auntie” problem
0.5 related to parent and 0.25 to child
what is a real life example of when kin selection often occurs
live organ donation is + likely to relatives
accounts of fire at vacation complex Sime found that families grouped together in this situation
when did trivers argue reciprocal altruism can occur?
Delayed “payback” of altruistic acts where
Benefit to recipient high (e.g. parasites removed)
Cost to donor low (e.g. grooming)
Likelihood that positions will be reversed in future
what are the necessary conditions of Reciprocal altruism?
Social species Stable groups Good face recognition Good long term memory Non-cooperation with or punishment of defectors
what is the prisoners dillema in terms of type of game?
Non-zero sum
- player only does well at loss to another
- both players benefit if they choose to cooperate
nash equalibrium
what did Axelrod find in a computer programe competition?
most points won for tit-for-tat
-cooperation on first move and then subsequently respond in kind
what is the generous tit for tat?
Cooperate on 1st move
Subsequently respond in kind
Cooperate on 1/3 defections
what can be an issue with generous tit-for-tat?
a small number of cheaters can benefit from its generosity.
what id generous tit-for-tat a good strategy for?
evolutionary stable strategy
why may humans unlike animals act altrusistically in situations where the social group is unknown and they will never meet again
altruistic punishment
humans are over-altruistic and punish defectors .
