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z year 1 S&D > Affiliation > Flashcards

Affiliation Flashcards

1
Q

what does minimal group paradigm show?

A

method for investigating the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups.

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2
Q

what does Dunbar argue caused evolution of the human brain?

A

living socially

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3
Q

what is Dunbar’s number and what is this?

A

150

average size of a community
average size of H-G community and number of fb friends

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4
Q

what did Berkman and Breslow’s 2 year longitudinal study show about health and friendships.

A

time one measured

a) social contact: friends relatives ect.
b) control measures: health, smoking, weight

time 2: with health factors controlled those with fewest relationships were twice as likely to die

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5
Q

what does social support protect against

A

depression especially for women

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6
Q

what does brown argue regarding health and social support?

A

providing social support may be more important than receiving it

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7
Q

what does camaraderie protect against in firefighters

A

emotional burnout

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8
Q

what does synchronised training in rowers create

A

higher pain tolerance

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9
Q

what is cooperation good for

A

trading
hunting
warfare and intergroup competition

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10
Q

what did the robbers cave experiment show

A

that cooperation requires a joint goal of two groups

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11
Q

how much of our time should we spend grooming?

A

42% about

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12
Q

what % of walking time do humans spend in conversation

A

20%

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13
Q

what did Dunbar find about dining hall convos?

A

social relationships and personal experiences took 70% of convo time

half of this was devoted to third parties

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14
Q

what are the three subsections of cultural transmissions

A

gossip
social learning
informational conformity

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15
Q

what is informational conformity?

A

shown a light moving and asked to estimate how much it moved

as more people were put in the room people made less extreme judgements on the distance.

Sherif

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16
Q

what are Rubin’s three components to love

A

affiliative and dependent need

predisposition to help

exclusiveness/ absorbtion

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17
Q

what did rubin find about love and liking correlation

A

Love scale scores were only moderately correlated with liking scores

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18
Q

what is sternberg’s triarchic model of love?

A

Intimacy: Closeness & understanding.

Passion: physical/sexual attraction/romance.

Commitment: The cognitive factors such as the decision to maintain the relationship.

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19
Q

according to sternberg what do passion and intimacy create?

A

romantic love

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20
Q

according to sternberg what do Initmacy and Commitment make

A

companionate love (friendship)

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21
Q

according to sternberg what do passion and commitment make?

A

fatuous love

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22
Q

according to sternberg what does passion alone create

A

infatuation

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23
Q

according to sternberg what does commitment alone make

A

empty love

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24
Q

according to sternberg what does intimacy alone make?

A

liking

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25
Q

what did dutton and aron show about misattribution of arousal

A

those who crossed a high suspension bridge missatributed feelings of sexual arousal (heart beat an nervous) to a woman confederate who gave her number compared to those who crossed a low and sturdy bridge.

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26
Q

what three systems did fisher find regarding love

A

1) lust/ sex drive
2) attraction
3) attachment

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27
Q

what mediates sex drive?

A

androgen (testosterone)

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28
Q

what mediates attraction?

A

dopamine

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29
Q

what mediates attachment?

A

oxytocin

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30
Q

what makes love / friendship occur?

A

proimity
similarity
reciprocity
physical attraction?

31
Q

what did Moreland and beach show about exposure effect (proximity) and liking rating in classrooms?

A

Students rate classroom visitors they see more often more positively

32
Q

what did Zajonc show about words and exposure effect (proximity)

A

Familiar fictitious foreign words rated more positive in meaning

33
Q

what did Back Schmukle, & Egloff show about seating and exposure effect (proximity)

A

Sitting in neighbouring seats predicts friendship intensity 1 year later

34
Q

what is propinquity

A

physical and psychological closeness

35
Q

what is functional distance?

A

certain aspects of architectural design that make it more likely that some people will come in contact with each other more often than with others”

e.g. living at foot of stairs= more likely to have friends on floors above.

36
Q

what did Festinger, Schachter & Back 1950 show about apartment friendships and propinquity

A

followed friendships in a small two-floor apartment building. Neighbors were mostly likely to be friends. Least likely were people on separate floors. Those near ground-floor staircases and mailboxes had friends on both floors.

37
Q

what did darley and Berscheid fins about expectation of close interaction?

A

Subjects given two folders with ambiguous personality information (A and B)
Told they would meet one woman, not the other
Woman that they expected to meet: higher anticipated liking

38
Q

what did Newcomb show regarding similarity and friendship?

A

Classic student accommodation study
Students randomly assigned to dorms
Similarity of attitudes predicted friendship

39
Q

what does similarity in attitudes directly relate to?

A

liking/ attraction and vice versa

40
Q

what is the rule for balance theory?

A

Cognitive balance is achieved:

  • three positive links
  • two negatives with one positive.

Imbalance/ cognitive dissonance:
Two positive links and one negative.

41
Q

what is social comparison theory? festinger

A

others provide validation of ones beliefs

42
Q

what is genetic similarity theory? rushton

A

-Heritability of trait and friend similarity r=.40

adaptive value of associating with similar others.

43
Q

what are the three theorys of similarity?

A
  • Balance theory
  • social comparison theory
  • Genetic similarity theory
44
Q

what did Byrne et al. show about similarity in a romantic setting?

A

Paired blind dates as either very similar or dissimilar
Similarity strong predictor of attraction
BUT so was attractiveness!

45
Q

how does the role of similarity depend on how much commitment is required?

A

Similarity desired for committed relationships
For ‘flings,’ dissimilarity is preferred
Amodio & Showers, 2005

46
Q

can reciprocity make up for an absence of similarity?

A

yes

47
Q

how did Dittes and Kelly show reciprocity and group liking?

A

Group discussion, followed by fake ‘approval ratings’

Strongly affected their liking of group

48
Q

what did Collins and Miller find in a meta-analysis of reciprocity

A

we like people who like us

we like people who trust us

49
Q

give two modelling social relationships

A

social exchange theory

equity theory

50
Q

what is social exchange theory based on?

A

principles of rewards and cost in interactions

51
Q

How to people evaluate if theory relationships are profitable (social exchange theory)

A

1) keep track of rewards and cost (accounting)- norm implicitally

2) determine profit:
- simple standard
- comparison level
- comparison level for alternative

52
Q

what is the equation for a simple standard of profit determination

A

outcome (profit)= rewards-costs

53
Q

what is simple standard

A

an absolute measure

54
Q

what is the isue with simple standard

A

people don’t want profit they want the best outcome

55
Q

what is comparison level

A

what we expect and feel we deserve from realtionships

56
Q

what is the equation for comparison level

A

satisfaction= outcome- comparison level

57
Q

what are Comparison levels based on?

A

prior experience, learning and personality

58
Q

what does a high Comparison level look like?

A

expect relationships to be rewarding

low rewards unacceptable, disappointing

59
Q

what does a low Comparison level look like?

A

expect relationships to be troublesome

low rewards are acceptable, tolerable

60
Q

what relationships are more satisfying

A

relationships that meet/ exceed expectations

61
Q

what is comparison level alternative

A

what we realistically expect we could get elsewhere

62
Q

what does the comparison level for alternative act as

A

the standard against we stay or leave

63
Q

what is dependence

A

degree to which we feel psychologically linked to relationship and determines if we stay or leave

64
Q

what will a low comparison level for alternative result in

A

more commitment to current relationship

and vice versa

65
Q

is dependence based solely on if we are happy/ not happy?

A

no

66
Q

give the equation for dependance

A

dependence= outcome- alternative comparison level

67
Q

what is the basic premise of equity theory?

A
  • People are motivated by self-interest
  • But, other people have options too, so we must be fair in order to get along
  • People feel most comfortable when they get roughly what they deserve, no more and no less
  • We are concerned with fair distribution of rewards and costs

we look at what other person is getting from relationship

68
Q

what are the three propositions of equity theory?

A

1) Partners are concerned with fairness (taking both partners’ outcomes into account)
2) Inequity causes distress
3) Partners will take steps to restore equity

69
Q

give the equation for equality

A

p1 rewards= p2 rewards

70
Q

give eqation for equity

A

P1 rewards/P1 costs = P2 rewards/P2 costs

get as much as you give

71
Q

if partners had different equal relative profits and rewards but the same balance could the relationship still be equitable?

A

yes- only the balance need to be the same

72
Q

what do clark and mills suggest about the calculating nature of equity theory

A

casual/business relationships are based on exchange, while close relationships are more communal

73
Q

define communal

A

Giving is based on concern for other person, not expectation of reward

z year 1 S&D (6 decks)

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