Affiliation Flashcards
what does minimal group paradigm show?
method for investigating the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups.
what does Dunbar argue caused evolution of the human brain?
living socially
what is Dunbar’s number and what is this?
150
average size of a community
average size of H-G community and number of fb friends
what did Berkman and Breslow’s 2 year longitudinal study show about health and friendships.
time one measured
a) social contact: friends relatives ect.
b) control measures: health, smoking, weight
time 2: with health factors controlled those with fewest relationships were twice as likely to die
what does social support protect against
depression especially for women
what does brown argue regarding health and social support?
providing social support may be more important than receiving it
what does camaraderie protect against in firefighters
emotional burnout
what does synchronised training in rowers create
higher pain tolerance
what is cooperation good for
trading
hunting
warfare and intergroup competition
what did the robbers cave experiment show
that cooperation requires a joint goal of two groups
how much of our time should we spend grooming?
42% about
what % of walking time do humans spend in conversation
20%
what did Dunbar find about dining hall convos?
social relationships and personal experiences took 70% of convo time
half of this was devoted to third parties
what are the three subsections of cultural transmissions
gossip
social learning
informational conformity
what is informational conformity?
shown a light moving and asked to estimate how much it moved
as more people were put in the room people made less extreme judgements on the distance.
Sherif
what are Rubin’s three components to love
affiliative and dependent need
predisposition to help
exclusiveness/ absorbtion
what did rubin find about love and liking correlation
Love scale scores were only moderately correlated with liking scores
what is sternberg’s triarchic model of love?
Intimacy: Closeness & understanding.
Passion: physical/sexual attraction/romance.
Commitment: The cognitive factors such as the decision to maintain the relationship.
according to sternberg what do passion and intimacy create?
romantic love
according to sternberg what do Initmacy and Commitment make
companionate love (friendship)
according to sternberg what do passion and commitment make?
fatuous love
according to sternberg what does passion alone create
infatuation
according to sternberg what does commitment alone make
empty love
according to sternberg what does intimacy alone make?
liking
what did dutton and aron show about misattribution of arousal
those who crossed a high suspension bridge missatributed feelings of sexual arousal (heart beat an nervous) to a woman confederate who gave her number compared to those who crossed a low and sturdy bridge.
what three systems did fisher find regarding love
1) lust/ sex drive
2) attraction
3) attachment
what mediates sex drive?
androgen (testosterone)
what mediates attraction?
dopamine
what mediates attachment?
oxytocin
what makes love / friendship occur?
proimity
similarity
reciprocity
physical attraction?
what did Moreland and beach show about exposure effect (proximity) and liking rating in classrooms?
Students rate classroom visitors they see more often more positively
what did Zajonc show about words and exposure effect (proximity)
Familiar fictitious foreign words rated more positive in meaning
what did Back Schmukle, & Egloff show about seating and exposure effect (proximity)
Sitting in neighbouring seats predicts friendship intensity 1 year later
what is propinquity
physical and psychological closeness
what is functional distance?
certain aspects of architectural design that make it more likely that some people will come in contact with each other more often than with others”
e.g. living at foot of stairs= more likely to have friends on floors above.
what did Festinger, Schachter & Back 1950 show about apartment friendships and propinquity
followed friendships in a small two-floor apartment building. Neighbors were mostly likely to be friends. Least likely were people on separate floors. Those near ground-floor staircases and mailboxes had friends on both floors.
what did darley and Berscheid fins about expectation of close interaction?
Subjects given two folders with ambiguous personality information (A and B)
Told they would meet one woman, not the other
Woman that they expected to meet: higher anticipated liking
what did Newcomb show regarding similarity and friendship?
Classic student accommodation study
Students randomly assigned to dorms
Similarity of attitudes predicted friendship
what does similarity in attitudes directly relate to?
liking/ attraction and vice versa
what is the rule for balance theory?
Cognitive balance is achieved:
- three positive links
- two negatives with one positive.
Imbalance/ cognitive dissonance:
Two positive links and one negative.
what is social comparison theory? festinger
others provide validation of ones beliefs
what is genetic similarity theory? rushton
-Heritability of trait and friend similarity r=.40
adaptive value of associating with similar others.
what are the three theorys of similarity?
- Balance theory
- social comparison theory
- Genetic similarity theory
what did Byrne et al. show about similarity in a romantic setting?
Paired blind dates as either very similar or dissimilar
Similarity strong predictor of attraction
BUT so was attractiveness!
how does the role of similarity depend on how much commitment is required?
Similarity desired for committed relationships
For ‘flings,’ dissimilarity is preferred
Amodio & Showers, 2005
can reciprocity make up for an absence of similarity?
yes
how did Dittes and Kelly show reciprocity and group liking?
Group discussion, followed by fake ‘approval ratings’
Strongly affected their liking of group
what did Collins and Miller find in a meta-analysis of reciprocity
we like people who like us
we like people who trust us
give two modelling social relationships
social exchange theory
equity theory
what is social exchange theory based on?
principles of rewards and cost in interactions
How to people evaluate if theory relationships are profitable (social exchange theory)
1) keep track of rewards and cost (accounting)- norm implicitally
2) determine profit:
- simple standard
- comparison level
- comparison level for alternative
what is the equation for a simple standard of profit determination
outcome (profit)= rewards-costs
what is simple standard
an absolute measure
what is the isue with simple standard
people don’t want profit they want the best outcome
what is comparison level
what we expect and feel we deserve from realtionships
what is the equation for comparison level
satisfaction= outcome- comparison level
what are Comparison levels based on?
prior experience, learning and personality
what does a high Comparison level look like?
expect relationships to be rewarding
low rewards unacceptable, disappointing
what does a low Comparison level look like?
expect relationships to be troublesome
low rewards are acceptable, tolerable
what relationships are more satisfying
relationships that meet/ exceed expectations
what is comparison level alternative
what we realistically expect we could get elsewhere
what does the comparison level for alternative act as
the standard against we stay or leave
what is dependence
degree to which we feel psychologically linked to relationship and determines if we stay or leave
what will a low comparison level for alternative result in
more commitment to current relationship
and vice versa
is dependence based solely on if we are happy/ not happy?
no
give the equation for dependance
dependence= outcome- alternative comparison level
what is the basic premise of equity theory?
- People are motivated by self-interest
- But, other people have options too, so we must be fair in order to get along
- People feel most comfortable when they get roughly what they deserve, no more and no less
- We are concerned with fair distribution of rewards and costs
we look at what other person is getting from relationship
what are the three propositions of equity theory?
1) Partners are concerned with fairness (taking both partners’ outcomes into account)
2) Inequity causes distress
3) Partners will take steps to restore equity
give the equation for equality
p1 rewards= p2 rewards
give eqation for equity
P1 rewards/P1 costs = P2 rewards/P2 costs
get as much as you give
if partners had different equal relative profits and rewards but the same balance could the relationship still be equitable?
yes- only the balance need to be the same
what do clark and mills suggest about the calculating nature of equity theory
casual/business relationships are based on exchange, while close relationships are more communal
define communal
Giving is based on concern for other person, not expectation of reward
