gender Flashcards
Sex
-Refers to the biological differences between males and females
Gender
-Cultural classification of people as masculine or feminine
-Society sets down expectations for each gender to follow
-Encouraged to behave in a certain way
Hegemonic femininity
-Dominant and traditional style of femininity with characteristics like being passive, subordinate and quiet
Hegemonic masculinity
-Dominant and traditional style of masculinity with characteristics like being aggressive, tough, breadwinner
Family- Oakley
-Children are socialised into expectations surrounding their gender through 4 processes
1. Manipulation
2. Canalisation
3. Verbal appellations
4. Different activities
Family- McRobbie
-Reinforces gender identity through official rules over girls to encourage them to stay indoors
-Boys and girls treated differently by parents
-Boys given more freedom and allowed to go out
- Girls instead developed bedroom culture as they are used to spend their leisure time closed in their rooms
Family- Lincoln
-Mancunian girls in the 90s, still were socialised in bedroom culture, their bedroom was the place where they cultivated their friendhip with other girls
-However girls rooms were not as private anymore: access to television, internet and allowed their boyfriends in
Education-Kelly
-Science packaged as a boy subject with textbooks containing pictures of boys on them and examples that would interest them, like cars or football
-Boys dominate science classrooms by shouting out answers and grabbing equipment first, ‘invisible women’ in science labs
Education- Willis
-‘Lads’ know they will end up doing manual jobs so they formed an antischool subculture based on having a laff
-Their subculture matvhed with the one of men working in factories
-Antischool subculture was responsible for theaching the lads how to be manual workers
Education- Skelton
-hidden curriculum is responsible for perpetuating gender differences in subjects
-It is also in primary school as there are ways in which gender stereotypes were created and mantained for examples techers might ask a ‘strong boy’ to carry something and around schools boys will be shown to be naughty and girls to be behaving
Peer groups- Reynolds
-Primary school boys put pressure on studious and non-sporty boys, aclling them nerds or geeks
-To cope, they start to play down their academic success
-Also make fun of girls who are too academic
Peer groups- Frosh
-Boys identified things like hardness and having a fashionable look as important things
-Looking up to guys with antischool values and being sporty
Media- Cumberbatch
-ADs transmit the idea that women exist in a man’s world, and push patriarchal values
-Men in ads were shown to be in paid jobs, meanwhile women were shown to be washing or cleaning
Media- Wolf
-The media represents women’s bodies as projects in need of improvement in terms of shape, size and weight
Workplace- Billington
-Masculinity is usually linked with men being workers
-womens roles are seen as domestic labourers.
Changing G.I.- Mort
-Consumption patterns of men in the 80s changed due to the changes of prtrayal of men in the media
-Rise in men’s fashion magazines, aftershave, perfumes…
-These changes are also due to the Levi ad laundrette, men being sexualised in the media for th first time
-Pushed the ‘new man’ identity
Changing G.I.- Sue Sharpe
-1st survey in the 70s, girls identity revolved around- love, marriage, husband, children, jobs and career
-2nd survey in 90s, girls are more assertive and confident, value their career more and don’t care so much about their love life
Changing G.I.- Jackson
-Young females adapting masculine qualities like drinking and swearing
-these women are called ladettes, acting like antisocial men
Postmodernism- Shepard
-Men and women use the things they buy and their leisure activities to create an identity for themselves rather than their gender
