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Psychology AQA A - Level 👥 > gender > Flashcards

gender Flashcards

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1
Q

sex

A

Whether an individual is biologically male or female.

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2
Q

gender

A

social and psychological characteristics of males and females.

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3
Q

What are sex-role stereotypes?

A

qualities and characteristics seen as appropriate for each sex.

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4
Q

female sex-role stereotypes

A

Nurturing, co-operative, domestic, emotional, passive.

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5
Q

male sex-role stereotypes

A

Strong, independent, physical, aggressive, unemotional.

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6
Q

source of sex-role stereotypes

A

Primary socialisation, school, careers, media, culture.

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7
Q

What is Bem’s gender schema theory?

A

At 2-3 years, children begin to develop gender schemas that influence their behavior.

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8
Q

What is androgyny?

A

Balance of male and female characteristics within an individual’s personality

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9
Q

BSRI AO3

A

+ valid and reliable, quantitative method, 1000 students tested, good test-retest
- lacks generalisabilty and temporal validity, american, 50 years ago

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10
Q

Burchardt & Serbin

A

Androgyny is positively correlated with good mental health.

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11
Q

BSRI

A

Bem Sex Role Inventory - respondents rate themselves on a seven point scale on 60 male, female or neutral characteristics

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12
Q

chromosomes

A

23 pairs in humans that carry genetic information; biological sex is determined by the X and Y chromosomes.
XX - female
XY - male

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13
Q

hormones

A

Chemical messengers that are released into the bloodstream from the glands.

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14
Q

role of hormones

A

prenatal effect on brain and genitals, burst of activity at puberty

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15
Q

testosterone

A

male prenatal development, aggression

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16
Q

hormones (biological gender) AO3

A

Wang et al - evidence for testosterone impacting male sexual behaviour when given to hypergonadal men

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17
Q

biological approach & gender - pathologising gender AO3

A

PMS damaging social construction (Rodin), eg crazy women during their period although diagnosis can lead to support and treatments

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18
Q

oestrogen

A

female prenatal development, menstruation, PMS, emotionality

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19
Q

What role does oestrogen play in pregnancy according to Albrecht & Pepe (1997)?

A

Oestrogen plays a key role in maintaining and promoting pregnancy.

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20
Q

What is oxytocin?

A

‘love hormone’, reduces cortisol

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21
Q

biological explanation AO3

A
  • reductionist in that it ignores cognitive impact (schema) or psychodynamic (conflict) as well as environment (SLT)
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22
Q

What is Klinefelter’s syndrome?

A

XXY males with no facial/pubic hair, excess breast tissue, and low fertility. poor language and problem solving, shy, little interest in sex

23
Q

What is Turner’s syndrome?

A

XO females with short stature, organ abnormalities, and non-functioning ovaries. socially immature, poor spatial memory, high reading ability

24
Q

What treatments are available for Turner’s syndrome?

A

Treated with growth hormones and oestrogen supplements.

25
Q

atypical sex chromosome patterns- nature/nurture AO3

A

nature/nurture debate - are the psychological symptoms linked to chromosomal condition or due to nurture eg. treating an individual with Turner syndrome as immature because they appear physically immature

26
Q

what are the two cognitive explanations for gender development?

A

Kohlberg’s theory and gender schema theory.

27
Q

who proposed gender schema theory?

A

martin and halverson

28
Q

what does gender schema theory state?

A

children actively structure their learning through schema. Cognitive-developmental theory

29
Q

when do children start searching for information to create gender schema ?

A

after gender identity is established, around 2-3 years

30
Q

link between schema and behaviour

A

children use their gender schema to establish gender appropriate behaviours

31
Q

ingroup vs outgroup recall

A

Children have a better memory of information relating to the ingroup that they identify as they add this to their schema & understanding of their own gender. Both gender schemas are created around 8y/o.

32
Q

what type of theory is kohlberg’s?

A

cognitive-developmental - argues that gender development happens with brain maturation and not just experience

33
Q

What is Kohlberg’s theory of gender constancy?

A

around 6 years old, children understand that gender is fixed over time and situations. seek gender appropriate role models to identify with

34
Q

gender identity - Kohlberg

A

around 2 years old - understand own gender and can label man/woman but don’t see gender as fixed

35
Q

What is gender stability according to Kohlberg?

A

around 4 years- children recognise that gender is retained for life, can’t apply this to others and may be confused by external changes in appearance

36
Q

What is gender constancy according to Kohlberg?

A

around 6 years - children recognise that gender is permanent across time and situations. seek gender-appropriate role models

37
Q

Psychodynamic theory of gender development

A

conflicts in the phallic stage when focus of pleasure switches to genitals. Oedipus and Electra complexes.

38
Q

how are conflicts in the phallic stage resolved?

A

child identifies with same-sex parents and internalises their behaviours and attitudes. Realises that the same sex parent is more powerful/stronger so cannot compete for opposite-sex parent’s love

39
Q

What is the Oedipus complex?

A

Boys have an unconscious sexual desire for their mother and fear their father.

40
Q

What is the Electra complex?

A

Girls have an unconscious sexual desire for their father and dislike their mother.

41
Q

who was Little Hans?

A

Freud used case study of Little Hans to prove the oedipus complex. Claimed Hans’ fear of horses was a displacement of the fear of his father and castration anxiety.

42
Q

What is the social learning theory of gender development?

A

Gender develops through observation and imitation of role models.

43
Q

SLT and gender

A

gender as a psychosocial construct, influence of environment on gender development. key concepts - direct reinforcement, differential reinforcement, vicarious reinforcement

44
Q

what are the four mediational processes?

A

attention, retention, motivation and motor reproduction

45
Q

Perry and Bussey (AO3)

A

Children shown same sex and opposite sex models picking fruit and found that children tended to pick same fruit as same sex role model. Supports modelling and identification.

46
Q

Identification support & Freud (AO3)

A

Freud’s psychodynamic explanation of gender focuses on unresolved psychosexual complexes which resolve through identification with same-sex parent.

47
Q

Smith and Lloyd (AO3)

A

Observed adults interacting with babies given boy names or girl names. ‘Boys’ played with more aggressively, ‘girls’ played with more sensitively. Supports differential reinforcement.

48
Q

What did Maccoby (1990) find about children’s social groups?

A

Schoolchildren segregate themselves into same-gender groups.

49
Q

What did Steinke (2008) find about media representation?

A

Children’s TV programs portray more male scientists than females.

50
Q

What is atypical gender development?

A

Any non-cis gender development.

51
Q

What is gender dysphoria?

A

A condition where the internal and external sexual characteristics differ from one’s psychological experience of gender.

52
Q

What are social explanations for gender identity disorder (GID)?

A

See transgenderism as learned during socialization through operant conditioning and social learning.

53
Q

What are biological explanations for GID?

A

See transgenderism as the result of genetics or hormonal imbalances.

54
Q

What did Hare (2009) find about gender dysphoria?

A

Found a link between gender dysphoria and a variant of the androgen receptor gene.

Psychology AQA A - Level 👥 (15 decks)

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