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Psychology AQA A - Level 👥 > approaches -ao1 complete > Flashcards

approaches -ao1 complete Flashcards

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1
Q

Introspection

A

People trained to systematically analyse one’s own conscious experience. Experiences are analysed in terms of their component parts (or structures), thoughts, images and sensations. Developed by Wundt.

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2
Q

Structuralism

A

Attempting to isolate the structure of consciousness.

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3
Q

Behavioural approach

A

Believes that all behaviour is learnt and that we are born as a blank slate. Only concerned with observable behaviour that can be measured (not internal processes).

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4
Q

Classical conditioning

A

This is a behaviourist theory which says that humans and animals learn new behaviours by the process of association.

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5
Q

Association

A

When two stimuli are paired together at the same time, they become linked

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6
Q

Stimulus

A

Something in the environment that may or may not result in a response

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7
Q

Response

A

A reaction to stimuli

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8
Q

Generalisation

A

When a similar stimulus to the learnt stimulus elicits the same response (e.g. bitten by an Alsatian now afraid of all dogs).

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9
Q

Extinction

A

When a conditioned pairing decays over time. Conditioned stimuli aren’t permanent unless they are occasionally paired with the UCS.

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10
Q

Neutral stimulus (NS)

A

Something in the environment that elicits no innate response, e.g. ring of a bell

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11
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

Something in the environment that elicits a response that does not need to be learnt, e.g. food

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12
Q

Unconditioned response (UCR)

A

An innate reaction to an unconditioned stimulus, e.g. salivation when encountering food

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13
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

Something in the environment that elicits a response that needs to be learnt

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14
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

A reaction to a conditioned stimulus

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15
Q

Operant conditioning

A

A form of learning in which behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences. Possible consequences of behaviour include positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and punishment.

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16
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

A pleasant consequence to a behaviour that increases the likelihood of repeating that behaviour

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17
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Any behaviour that leads to an escape from an unpleasant situation will increase the likelihood of repeating that behaviour.

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18
Q

Punishment

A

A negative consequence to a behaviour that decreases the likelihood of repeating that behaviour.

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19
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

Behaviour is learned through observation and imitation of role models within a social context.

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20
Q

Identification

A

When a model is high status, likeable, attractive and similar to a person (e.g. age and gender) the model is more likely to be imitated.

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21
Q

Modelling

A

Demonstrating the behaviour to be copied

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22
Q

Mediational processes

A

Cognitive factors (thoughts) that come between stimulus and response and determine the likelihood that observed behaviours will be repeated. These include attention, retention, motor reproduction, motivation.

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23
Q

Attention

A

Focusing on a behaviour - watching it closely.

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24
Q

Retention

A

Coding the behaviour seen into the observers memory, e.g. is it easy to remember?

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25
Q

Motor reproduction/Self-efficacy

A

The belief that the behaviour observed can be imitated

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26
Q

Motivation

A

Believing the benefits of performing a behaviour outweigh any costs.

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27
Q

Vicarious reinforcement

A

The observed consequences of behaviour for someone else determine the likelihood that it will be repeated, e.g. witnessing someone being praised for behaviour increases the chance the observer imitates it.

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28
Q

Cognitive Approach

A

Focuses on how our internal mental processes are responsible for our behaviour. The approach believes we can and should study internal mental processes scientifically.

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29
Q

Inferences

A

Making assumptions made about internal mental processes which can’t be observed. These assumptions use and go beyond the behaviour seen within research.

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30
Q

Schema

A

Packages of information / units of knowledge developed through experience. They provide a mental framework for us to interpret information. They become more detailed and sophisticated as we age (assimilation & accommodation).

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31
Q

Computer analogy

A

Processing of information in humans is similar (analogous) to the way a computer works, concepts from computing such as coding, retrieval and storage can be used to explain internal mental processes.

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32
Q

Theoretical model

A

Diagrams / pictorial representations used to explain how the mind works (e.g. the multi store model of memory is a diagram of stores), which allow psychologists to construct hypotheses

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33
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

Brain scans used to scientifically study of the influence of brain structures on cognitive processes, e.g. fMRIs show a link for lateral frontal lobes and OCD.

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34
Q

Biological Approach

A

Everything psychological has a biological basis, such as genes, brain structure and neurochemistry. The mind and body are one and the same - the mind lives in the brain, therefore all thoughts have a physical basis.

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35
Q

Genetic influence of behaviour

A

Psychological characteristics are inherited, so specific genes are implicated in disorders, e.g. COMT in OCD and SZ.

36
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an individual / Particular set of genes that a person possesses

37
Q

Phenotype

A

Characteristics of an individual determined by an interaction between genes and the environment

38
Q

Concordance rates

A

The likelihood that if one person has a trait, someone else (e.g. their twin) also has the same trait. A test of phenotypal similarity between individuals, based on genotypal similarity.

39
Q

Evolutionary theory

A

Genetically determined behaviour that enhances survival and reproduction is naturally selected for, Darwin (1859). Such genes are adaptive.

40
Q

Neurochemistry

A

Chemicals in the brain that can affect thinking and behaviours. Abnormal levels of neurotransmitters and hormones can affect mood. E.g. Low serotonin is linked to depression.

41
Q

Twin studies

A

Scientists can compare the concordance rates of MZ and DZ twins in order to determine the extent of genetic influence of a particular trait.

42
Q

Psychodynamic Approach

A

Believes that behaviour is influenced by our unconscious mind. This is a storehouse of our repressed memories, instincts and biological drives.

43
Q

Unconscious mind

A

A storehouse of repressed memories, innate drives and instincts. The part of our psyche of which we are unaware and is difficult to access. A key part in determining our behaviour.

44
Q

Preconscious

A

What we are not currently conscious of but could become aware of, e.g. recent memory.

45
Q

Conscious mind

A

What we are aware of

46
Q

Tripartite structure of personality

A

Claims that our psyche is made up of a dynamic interaction between id, ego and superego

47
Q

Id

A

Part of the personality we are born with. It operates on the pleasure principle, demanding instant gratification.

48
Q

Ego

A

Works on the reality principle. This aspect of the mind mediates between the id and superego and employs defence mechanisms. Develops around 5 years.

49
Q

Superego

A

Internalised sense of right and wrong, based on the morality principle. Punishes the ego through guilt. Develops around 3 years.

50
Q

Defence mechanism

A

Unconscious strategies such as repression, denial and displacement used to reduce anxiety.

51
Q

Denial

A

A defence mechanism: The rejection of a particular aspect of reality

52
Q

Displacement

A

A defence mechanism: When we transfer our true feelings from the original source to a substitute target

53
Q

Repression

A

A defence mechanism: When memories are forced into our unconscious, usually due to their traumatic nature

54
Q

Psychosexual stages (overview)

A

Freud claimed child development occurred in five developmental phases. Each stage is marked by a different conflict the child must resolve in order to progress successfully to the next stage. Any unresolved psychosexual conflict leads to fixation.

55
Q

The psychosexual stages: Oral

A

0-1 years old, pleasure focus is the mouth, consequence of unresolved conflict is an oral fixation - smoking, biting nails etc

56
Q

The psychosexual stages: Anal

A

1-3 yrs, focus of pleasure is the anus from withholding or expelling faeces, consequence of unresolved conflict is anal retentive or anal expulsive personality;

57
Q

The psychosexual stages: Phallic

A

3-6 years, focus of pleasure is the genital areas. Consequence of unresolved conflict is a phallic personality - narcissistic and reckless.

58
Q

The psychosexual stages: latency

A

6-12 year, earlier conflicts are repressed

59
Q

The psychosexual stages: Genital

A

Sexual desires become conscious alongside onset of puberty. Consequences of unresolved conflict is difficulty forming heterosexual relationships.

60
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

A form of treatment developed from the Psychodynamic approach which aims to study the unconscious mind

61
Q

Humanistic Approach

A

Approach that views mental health to be related to free will and self-determination

62
Q

Free will

A

The notion that humans can make choices and their behaviour/thoughts are not determined by internal biological or external factors.

63
Q

Self-actualisation

A

The desire to grow psychologically and fulfil one’s full potential - becoming what you are capable of

64
Q

Concept of the self

A

The self refers to ideas and concepts that constitute what ‘I’ am

65
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

A technique used by Humanistic therapists, whereby they respect the patient’s choices and right to self-determination. A lack of self-worth and value has its roots in a lack of unconditional positive regard (or unconditional love) in childhood

66
Q

Client centred therapy

A

The Humanistic approach to treatment - focus is on the patient, and a sense of warmth and understanding

67
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

A five-levelled structure in which basic needs (such as hunger) must be satisfied before higher psychological (growth) needs, such as self-actualisation, can be achieved.

68
Q

Congruence

A

When a person’s ideal self broadly matches up to their perceived self It is the aim of Rogerian therapy.

69
Q

Conditions of worth

A

When a person has a perception that parents set of boundaries of love - the child is taught to believe that they are only worthy of love under specific circumstances, e.g. ‘I will only love you if… you study medicine.’

70
Q

Wundt (not a study)

A

Came up with the technique of introspection as a standardised method of investigating one’s conscious experience of a stimulus (like a metronome)

71
Q

Skinner

A

Taught rats/pigeons etc new behaviours by using food as rewards for given behaviours (such as pressing a lever) in controlled environment known as the Skinner box.

72
Q

Pavlov

A

Paired the ringing of a bell (neutral stimulus) with food (unconditioned stimuli) to create salivation (conditioned response) at the ringing of a bell in the future (conditioned stimulus)

73
Q

Watson and Raynor

A

Taught an infant (Little Albert) to develop a phobia of fluffy items by pairing these items with loud noises

74
Q

Gilroy et al

A

Three sessions of systematic desensitisation compared to relaxation techniques (control). Symptoms lower in SD group after 3 and 33 months.

75
Q

Bandura et al

A

Developed SLT when he found that children who had seen an adult model behaving aggressively to a model were more likely to be aggressive to the model themselves

76
Q

Bandura and Walters

A

Children observed consequences for a model being aggressive to a doll– praised, punished or no consequence. Praised model most likely to be imitated.

77
Q

March et al

A

CBT is effective at treating depression in 81% of the time.

78
Q

Darwin

A

Explains evolution and the role of natural selection

79
Q

Soomro et al

A

SSRIs are 70%+ effective for OCD

80
Q

Freud (not a study)

A

Developed the Psychodynamic approach, including the psychosexual stages and his iceberg theory of the psyche, containing the id, ego and superego

81
Q

Freud

A

Little Hans case study. Little Hans had a phobia of horses that Freud explained as displaced feelings from castration anxiety from his father.

82
Q

De Maat et al.

A

Reviewed therapies for mental health disorders. Found psychoanalysis to be effective for many conditions

83
Q

Fischer and Greenburg

A

Conducted a systematic review of research. Found 2500+ studies that support elements of Freuds theory such as the unconscious and the use of defence mechanisms.

84
Q

Maslow (not a study)

A

Developed the hierarchy of needs, which is a key element of Humanistic psychology

85
Q

Rogers (not a study)

A

Developed client centred therapy (CCT) as a non-directive therapy to boost self-esteem and help people achieve congruence and self-actualisation.

Psychology AQA A - Level 👥 (15 decks)

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