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Psychology AQA A - Level 👥 > forensic psych > Flashcards

forensic psych Flashcards

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1
Q

Top-down

A

An approach to offender profiling based on interviews with 36 serious criminals that uses the intuition of the profiler to determine likely suspects

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2
Q

Bottom-up

A

An approach to offender profiling created by David Canter that emphasises the importance of data and statistics from previous similar cases to create a profile

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3
Q

Organised offender

A

Someone who is intelligent and sociable and leaves very little forensic evidence at the crime scene

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4
Q

Disorganised offender

A

Someone who lacks social skills and has a poor employment history and leaves lots of forensic evidence at their impulsive crime scene

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5
Q

Data assimilation

A

The stage of top-down profiling where the profiler reviews the forensic evidence

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6
Q

Crime scene classification

A

The stage of top-down profiling where the profiler decides whether the scene is organised or disorganised

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7
Q

Crime reconstruction

A

The stage of top-down profiling where the profiler makes a hypotheses about the sequence of events involved

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8
Q

Profile generation

A

The stage of top-down profiling where the profiler deduces the likely characteristics of the offender

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9
Q

Investigative Psychology

A

The branch of the bottom-up approach to offender profiling that uses data to identify likely psychological characteristics of offenders

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10
Q

Interpersonal coherence

A

The theory that offenders are similar in their everyday life as they are while they commit offences - violent crimes are committed by violent people

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11
Q

Forensic awareness

A

The finding that the extent to which offenders covered their tracks can tell us information about their previous convictions

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12
Q

Geographical profiling

A

The use of Circle Theory to determine an offenders likely home/base

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13
Q

Extraversion

A

Personality characteristic characterised by seeking out new experiences

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14
Q

Neuroticism

A

Personality characteristic characterised by emotional instability

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15
Q

Psychoticism

A

Personality characteristic characterised by lack of empathy and excessive aggression

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16
Q

Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI)

A

The questionnaire developed to determine a person’s ratings for extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism

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17
Q

Cognitive Distortions

A

Ways in which thoughts can be irrational or illogical

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18
Q

Hostile Attribution Bias

A

A cognitive distortion whereby the person assumes ambiguous behaviour from others is aggressive/negatively-motivated

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19
Q

Minimalisation

A

A cognitive distortion whereby an offender downplays the severity of their crimes

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20
Q

Levels of Moral Reasoning

A

Kohlberg’s theory that claims our morality develops and evolves as we mature

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21
Q

Preconventional morality

A

When a person’s morality is motivated only by whether or not they will be rewarded or punished for their behaviour

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22
Q

Conventional morality

A

When a person’s morality is motivated by maintaining a reputation as ‘good’

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23
Q

Postconventional morality

A

When a person’s morality is motivated by their own morals and principles rather than consequences

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24
Q

Inference

A

Making assumptions about a person’s thought processes based on behaviour and self-reporting

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25
Q

Differential Association Theory

A

The social learning theory of forensic psychology. It claims we learn offending behaviour from our community and close relationships

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26
Q

Pro-crime attitudes

A

According to Differential Association Theory, children learn that offending is desirable - though they also learn specific moral codes around offending

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27
Q

Learning specific criminal acts

A

According to Differential Association Theory, children are taught how to actually carry out offences and which ones are the best

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28
Q

White collar crime

A

Offences that are financially-motivated and non-violent, such as fraud or embezzlement

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29
Q

Superego

A

The part of our personality that works on the morality principle

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30
Q

Weak superego

A

Due to an absent same-sex parent, a child develops this and becomes more selfish and pleasure-seeking

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31
Q

Deviant superego

A

Due to pro-crime parental figures, a child develops this and has a skewed morality principle

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32
Q

Over-harsh superego

A

Due to very strict parental figures, a child develops this and it could lead to actually enjoying guilt and shame

33
Q

Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis

A

Bowlby’s theory that claims an inconsistent mother figure will lead to emotional, social and intellectual issues in a child

34
Q

Affectionless psychopathy

A

A condition caused by maternal deprivation, according to Bowlby, which is characterised by a lack of empathy or guilt

35
Q

Phallic stage

A

The psychosexual phase where the child becomes aware of their gender and begins the Oedipus/Electra complex

36
Q

Oedipus Complex

A

Where young boys compete with their fathers for the affection of their mothers

37
Q

Electra Complex

A

Where young girls compete with their mothers for the affection of their fathers

38
Q

MAOA-L

A

A gene variant that leads to a desensitisation to serotonin

39
Q

Amygdala

A

A part of the limbic system that recognises threats and stressors to initiate the fight or flight response

40
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Brain area responsible for controlling moral behaviour - found to have reduced functioning in offenders

41
Q

Serotonin

A

An inhibitory neurotransmitter. Low levels of this (or insensitivity to it) can lead to offending behaviour

42
Q

Atavistic form

A

Lombroso’s theory that offenders are less evolved and this can be seen in their physical characteristics

43
Q

Somatotypes

A

The theory that we can predict the type of offences a person will commit based on their body type

44
Q

Neural correlates

A

Parts of the brain or neurotransmitters that are linked with a particular characteristic

45
Q

Custodial sentencing

A

Where a court requires an offender to be held against their will in a prison or psychiatric hospital

46
Q

Recidivism

A

Reoffending and being reconvicted

47
Q

Retribution

A

Giving victims and their families a sense of justice by punishing an offender to make them atone for their crimes

48
Q

Deterrence

A

Discouraging others from performing the same action, usually by punishing that behaviour

49
Q

Deindividuation

A

A psychological effect of prison that removes the identity from prisoners

50
Q

Token economy

A

The use of coupons and rewards in prisoners to encourage desirable behaviour

51
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

A pleasant response that increases the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated

52
Q

Punishment

A

An unpleasant response that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated

53
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

An unpleasant response that increases the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated

54
Q

Anger management

A

The process of trying to reduce feelings of hostility

55
Q

Stress Inoculation Model

A

A type of CBT used for anger management, which helps the patient become more self-aware and more autonomous

56
Q

Restorative justice

A

A way of dealing with offender behaviour where the offender meets the victim and tries to repair the damage they did

57
Q

Rehabilitation

A

When an offender realises the error of their ways and changes to becoming law-abiding

58
Q

Copson

A

82% of US police found top-down approach useful

59
Q

Alison

A

Most police rated a bad profile as accurate

60
Q

Copson

A

75% of UK police found bottom-up approach useful

61
Q

Lombroso

A

Wrote ‘The Criminal Man’ and identified traits

62
Q

Brunner

A

All males in one family were violent and had MAOA-L variant

63
Q

Raine (twin study)

A

MZ twins had 52% conviction concordance, vs. 21% DZ

64
Q

Raine (neural)

A

Low prefrontal cortex activity and amygdala asymmetry in offenders

65
Q

Caspi

A

Boys needed both MAOA-L variant and mistreatment to become violent

66
Q

Dunlop

A

Extraversion & psychoticism good predictors of delinquency

67
Q

Van Dam

A

Very few offenders had all 3 personality traits

68
Q

Dodge

A

Aggressive children showed hostile attribution bias

69
Q

Kenedy & Grubin

A

Only 1/3 of sex offenders believed they had caused harm

70
Q

Palmer & Hollins

A

Offenders scored lower on moral reasoning than non-offenders

71
Q

Osborne & West

A

40% chance of conviction in sons of criminals, compared to 18% of non-criminals

72
Q

Bowlby

A

12/14 juvenile thief affectionless psychopaths had suffered maternal deprivation

73
Q

Zimbardo

A

Found that prisoner participants identified by their number

74
Q

Hobbs & Holt

A

Boys who had token economy had 27% increase in social behaviours

75
Q

Moyes

A

Recipients of token economy had similar recidivism rates

76
Q

Taylor & Novaco

A

Found a 75% success rate in anger reduction

77
Q

McGuire

A

Prisoners given anger management less likely to reoffend compared to those on parole

78
Q

Sherman & Strang

A

Recidivism rates of 11% in restorative justice recipients compared to 37% in prisoners

Psychology AQA A - Level 👥 (14 decks)

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