Gender Flashcards
What did Pollack say?
There is a chivalry thesis within crime - males are more likely to be charged with crimes due to paternalistic attitudes of men towards women
What does the chivalry thesis show?
Police less likely to record female crimes
Judiciary less likely to hand down custodial sentences
Men are socialised into protecting women
What is the assumption about female criminality according to the chivalry thesis?
Women’s criminality is harmless - it was a lack of judgement rather than criminal intent
Give a statistic on gender crime:
9% of women have a criminal record - 32% of men have a criminal record
Evidence against the chivalry thesis:
Heidensohn - double deviance - women judged on standards of deviance against norms and values of society and feminity
Walklate - women are on trial as victims in rape cases - had to prove they did not consent
What is the sex role theory and who says it?
Parsons - instrumental and expressive roles can be applied to criminal and deviant behaviours
Socialisation has more of an impact for girls as they had the mother present to demonstrate the domestic role - boys didn’t [working or absent]
What did Parsons say about socialisation and crime?
Boys are socialised into more aggressive pursuits and are given greater independence - will look to gain status through subcultures or gangs.
girls are centred on home and traits that are less likely to lead to criminality
Evaluate Parsons sex role theory:
Based on out-dated notions of gender - does not take into consideration changes in contemporary society
Rising female criminality due to change in socialisation
Feminists suggest that lower female criminality is the result of excessive controls on women
What did Messerschmidt say about criminality?
Masculinity is a social construction and the dominant form of masculinity can cause criminal behaviours.
What is hegemonic masculitiny?
The dominant form of masculinity that is upheld by society.
Males socialised into being providers and showing dominance over others.
Physical strength is valued over intellect.
How is hegemonic masculinity reinforced?
Through media and socialisation - young males bombarded with images of what a ‘real’ man looks like - the rock.
Reinforced through the perception that they are desirable to men.
How does hegemonic masculinity cause crime?
Males react to challenges of their dominance.
In education - boys react to being perceived as subordinate to teachers
In employment - men react to employers having position of authority
In the home - challenges to masculintiy lead to domestic violence
Evaluate Messershmidt’s theory of hegemonic masculinity:
This socialisation may be more likely in m/c than w/c
Links with toxic masculinity.
What did Winlow examine?
Impact of globalisation on masculinity and criminality
What did Winlow say about masculinity and employment?
Traditional employment allowed males to prove their masculinity through manual labour jobs.
Removals of these industries creased masculinity crisis so males look to assert dominance through other forms.
