gender Flashcards
atypical gender development- gender dysphoria
atypical gender development- biological explanations- BST
-brain sex theory
-BST involved in emotional responses + male sexual behaviour in rats
-larger in men than women, female sized in trans females (Kruijver 2000)
-size of the sex they identify with
-fits with people who have felt wrong sex wince birth (Zhou 1995)
atypical gender development- biological explanations- genetic basis
-Coolidge et al (2002), 157 twin pairs (MZ and DZ) suggest 62% of cases could be accounted for by genetic variance
-Haylens et al found 39% of their sample of MZ twins were concordant for GD but none of DZs
atypical gender development- social explanations- social constructionist
-gender is invented by society, not biological, dysphoria arises because of the need to select a gender
-therefore not a disorder
-e.g. (McClintock) studied males born with female genitals due to genetic condition
-at puberty they changed and accepted as females then males
-only seen as abnormal after contact with west
atypical gender development- social explanations- psychoanalytic theory
-Ovesey and Person said GD in males caused by kid experiencing separation anxiety before gender is established
-boy fantasises about fusion with mother to remove fear of separation
-Stoller found GD in males did describe over close mother son relationships
culture and gender roles- nature vs nurture
nature= gender behaviour consistent across cultures, innate or biological
nurture= culturally specific due to influence of shared norms
culture and gender roles- role of nurture
Mead (1935)- Samoa
1.arapesh- people gentle and responsive (like stereotype of femininity)
2.mundugmor- aggressive and hostile (stereotype of masculinity)
3.tchambuli- women dominant and men passive (opposite)
culture and gender roles- role of nature
Buss (1995)- 37 countries
-women sought men offering wealth and resources
-men looked for youth and physical attractiveness
-Munroe and Munroe (1975) found in most societies division of labour is organised along gender lines
media and gender roles- same sex media role models preferred
-children most likely to imitate role models of same sex
-maximises chance of gender appropriate behaviour being reinforced
media and gender roles- media creates rigid gender stereotypes
Bussey and Bandura 1999
-men more independent, ambitious and advice givers
-women dependent, unambitious and advice seekers
-Furnham and Farragher
-men more likely seen in autonomous professional roles
-women seen in domestic roles
media and gender roles- media increases self efficiency
-seeing others perform gender appropriate behaviours increases childs belief that they are capable of doing so
-Mitra et al (2009) found girls in india watching programmes challenging stereotypes were more likely to see themselves as capable of doing so
social learning explanation- observation and reinforcement
-gender behaviour learned from observing others and imitating
-draws attention to influence of nurture on gd
social learning explanation-genders reinforced differently- direct
-praised for acting sterteotypical of their gender
-boys and girls reinforced for different behaviours, which they then reproduce
social learning explanation- indirect vicarious reinforcement
-more likely to be imitated if consequences are favourable
-vicarious punishment, behaviour less likely to be imitated
social learning explanation- children identify with role models
-more likely to imitate people they look up to e.g.
-part of immediate environment such as parent
-in the media
-attractive, high status
-same sex
social learning explanation- modeling and imitation
-modelling occurs in 2 ways
1.mother modelling feminine behaviour cooking or cleaning
2.girl copies her mother by feeding doll or setting table, modelling behaviour
social learning explanation-mediational processes (4)
1.attention
2.retention
3.motivation
4.motor reproduction
psychodynamic explanation- phallic stage
-Freud developmental theory has 5 stages
-oral, anal, phallic, latent and genital
-pre phallic stage children have no understanding of gender
-phallic - 3to6 years boys oedipus complex and girls electra
psychodynamic explanation-oedipus complex
-boys
-incestuous feelings for mum
-jealous hatred for father who has what they desire
-scared they will be castrated by father if he finds out
-castration anxiety
psychodynamic theory- electra complex
-By Jung
-conflict of penis envy
-girls feel competition with mother for fathers love
-resent mother as they believe she is the reason they do not have a penis
psychodynamic explanation- resolution through identification
-identify with same sex parent
-girls acknowledge they will never have penis, substitute this with a desire to have children and identify with mother
psychodynamic explanation- identification leads to internalisation
-boys adopt attitudes and values of their father and girls mother
-‘internalisation of parents identity’
psychodynamic explanation-little hans study-
-demonstrates oedipus comples
-5 year old, fear of horse biting
-stem from seeing horse die
-freud said it was due to his fear of being castrated by dad
-hans transferred fear of dad on to horses via displacement (defence mechanism)
GST- understanding changes with age
-Martin and Halverson 1981
-gst also cognitive developmental (changes with age)
-contrasts SLT
GST- organise knowledge of gender
-schemas develop via experience
-contain what we know in relation to gender appropriate behaviour
GST develop after gender identity
-establish gender identity around 2-3 years
-child looks for further info to develop their schema
gst- searching for gender info
-suggests search for gender appropriate info happens earlier than Kholberg said
-age 3, not 7
GST- gender stereotypes develop
-expand overtime to create stereotypes like girls and dolls
-directs a childs behaviour
-by age 6, fixed stereotypical ideas of what is appropriate for their gender
GST- ingroup gender info remembered better than outgroup
-children pay more attention to their own gender (ingroup)
-age 8 develop elaborate schemas for both groups
Kohlbergs theory- cognitive developmental approach
-1966 theory is cognitive because childs thinking is emphasised
-developmental because of changes overtime
Kohlbergs theory- gender developmental parallels
-Piaget said the way a child thinks with age is biological process
-Kohlberg made 3 stages from piagets idea
-gradual transitions between stages
Kohlbergs theory- stage 1
-gender identity
-approx age 2
-able to correctly identify themselves as boy or girl
-identify others by 3
-no sense of permanence of their gender
Kohlbergs theory- stage 2
-gender stability
-approx age 4
-realises gender is same overtime
-cannot apply this logic to others
-may see long haired man as a woman
-believe people change if they do activities typical of other gender
Kohlbergs theory- stage 3
-gender constancy
-approx 6 years old
-recognise gender is same over time and situations
-apply this to other people
Kohlbergs theory-search for gender appropriate role models
-begins at gender constancy
-look for evidence to confirm their gender and stereotyping occurs
