gender Flashcards
atypical gender development- gender dysphoria
atypical gender development- biological explanations- BST
-brain sex theory
-BST involved in emotional responses + male sexual behaviour in rats
-larger in men than women, female sized in trans females (Kruijver 2000)
-size of the sex they identify with
-fits with people who have felt wrong sex wince birth (Zhou 1995)
atypical gender development- biological explanations- genetic basis
-Coolidge et al (2002), 157 twin pairs (MZ and DZ) suggest 62% of cases could be accounted for by genetic variance
-Haylens et al found 39% of their sample of MZ twins were concordant for GD but none of DZs
atypical gender development- social explanations- social constructionist
-gender is invented by society, not biological, dysphoria arises because of the need to select a gender
-therefore not a disorder
-e.g. (McClintock) studied males born with female genitals due to genetic condition
-at puberty they changed and accepted as females then males
-only seen as abnormal after contact with west
atypical gender development- social explanations- psychoanalytic theory
-Ovesey and Person said GD in males caused by kid experiencing separation anxiety before gender is established
-boy fantasises about fusion with mother to remove fear of separation
-Stoller found GD in males did describe over close mother son relationships
culture and gender roles- nature vs nurture
nature= gender behaviour consistent across cultures, innate or biological
nurture= culturally specific due to influence of shared norms
culture and gender roles- role of nurture
Mead (1935)- Samoa
1.arapesh- people gentle and responsive (like stereotype of femininity)
2.mundugmor- aggressive and hostile (stereotype of masculinity)
3.tchambuli- women dominant and men passive (opposite)
culture and gender roles- role of nature
Buss (1995)- 37 countries
-women sought men offering wealth and resources
-men looked for youth and physical attractiveness
-Munroe and Munroe (1975) found in most societies division of labour is organised along gender lines
media and gender roles- same sex media role models preferred
-children most likely to imitate role models of same sex
-maximises chance of gender appropriate behaviour being reinforced
media and gender roles- media creates rigid gender stereotypes
Bussey and Bandura 1999
-men more independent, ambitious and advice givers
-women dependent, unambitious and advice seekers
-Furnham and Farragher
-men more likely seen in autonomous professional roles
-women seen in domestic roles
media and gender roles- media increases self efficiency
-seeing others perform gender appropriate behaviours increases childs belief that they are capable of doing so
-Mitra et al (2009) found girls in india watching programmes challenging stereotypes were more likely to see themselves as capable of doing so
social learning explanation- observation and reinforcement
-gender behaviour learned from observing others and imitating
-draws attention to influence of nurture on gd
social learning explanation-genders reinforced differently- direct
-praised for acting sterteotypical of their gender
-boys and girls reinforced for different behaviours, which they then reproduce
social learning explanation- indirect vicarious reinforcement
-more likely to be imitated if consequences are favourable
-vicarious punishment, behaviour less likely to be imitated
social learning explanation- children identify with role models
-more likely to imitate people they look up to e.g.
-part of immediate environment such as parent
-in the media
-attractive, high status
-same sex
