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Sociology 112 > Gender > Flashcards

Gender Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Sex

A

Male or Female;
It is biologically rooted
(on the basis of a set of socially agreed-upon biological criteria)

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2
Q

The division of the human population into two categories is a _________

A

Binary Construction

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3
Q

Define Gender

A

Socially constructed characteristics associated with girls and boys, men and women
(Masculinity and femininity)

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4
Q

Define Intersexed individuals

A

Individuals that are born with ambiguous genitalia

- They tend to have some combination of male and female genitalia and/or chromosomes

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5
Q

Gender is ____________. Therefore we have to understand that ideas about appropriate gender vary across _______ and across ______.

A

Gender is socially constructed,

Vary across culture and time

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6
Q

Define Transgender individuals

A

People who live as the gender they identify themselves as being, with or without sex reassignment procedures.
(those who do not fit into normative constructions of sex and gender)

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7
Q

Define Transsexual individuals

A

Those who undergo undergo sex reassignment surgery
Ex. facial or genital reassignments
Also called transman or transwoman

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8
Q

Define Transvestites

A

Individuals who engage in cross-dressing, they do not necessarily identify as another gender

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9
Q

T of F:

There is no single form of maculinity or femininity

A

True;

There are culturally dominant (values) forms such as hegemonic masculinity and emphasized femininity

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10
Q

Define Gender identity

A

One’s sense of belonging to a particular sex biologically, psychologically and socially

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11
Q

What does a gender role involve?

A

It involves behaving according to widely shared expectations about how males or females are suppose to act
EX. Walking

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12
Q

Define Essentialism

A

Stresses the biological roots of gender and sexuality, ignoring their historical and cultural variability

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13
Q

What are the 3 parts to Essentialism?

A

1) Gender differences change over time
- Men use to wear heels and wigs
2) Gender inequality (differences) varies across societies
- it isnt Universal
3) Mate selection criteria vary across societies
- Appearance and body shape preferences vary across countries

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14
Q

Define Hegemonic Masculinity

A

The normative ideal of dominant masculinity

  • strive to achieve
  • heterosexual, whiteness, middle class
  • successful, capable, reliable, strong
  • aggressive, not valuing women
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15
Q

Define Emphasized Femininity

A

Based on women’s compliance with their subordination to men and is oriented to obliging men’s interests and desires

  • supportive, enthusiastic and sexually attractive
  • petite, quiet, delicate, motherly
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16
Q

What are Disney’s portrayal of masculinity and femininity in their movies?

A

Women: need to cook, are objects of desire, appearance
Men: muscular, strong, dominant

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17
Q

In which 3 ways can we reproduce gender?

A

Families, Education, and Media

18
Q

How do families reproduce gender?

A
  • Our gender expectations begin at birth (color of clothes, blankets with flowers vs blanket with trucks)
  • Child-rearing practices are deeply gendered (boys cut the grass, girls do the dishes)
19
Q

What do children’s toys and the parents practices encourage?

A

The reproduction of hegemonic masculinity(active) and emphasized femininity (passive)

20
Q

How does Education reproduce gender?

A

Instead of being an equalizer, boys and girls remain a gendered space and experience

21
Q

In which to ways does Education encourage gender?

A
  • Hidden curriculum: girls learn that they are not as important as boys
  • Chilly Climate: at school boys are favored as leaders, are asked to answer more questions, hidden curricular that enforces gender roles
22
Q

How does the media reproduce gender?

A

Gender divisions are reflected in and reinforced by all forms of media (tv shows, commercials)

  • Budweiser girls(look sexy, makes men want women that look that way)
  • Old spice (strong, muscular, provider)
  • Milwaukee (men should act like men)
  • Barbie (unrealistic image of girls)
23
Q

How are men are women athletes represented in sports?

A

Men: represented playing the sport
Women: represented in a bikini, done up, NOT in the game

24
Q

Define Gendered bodies

A

How we present our bodies, efforts to shape them, and how we interpret others bodies, are all accomplished socially

  • Shows help achieve beauty ideals (wear heels)
  • Plastic surgery normalized (liposuction)
  • Mens bodies (NFL- bodies are rank, classify, measured)
25
Q

Dramatic Increase/ decrease in the # of employed women

A

Increase;

now need two wages to support a family

26
Q

What are the two parts to the Gendered Labour Force?

A

1) Gender segregation
- occupations are segregated into men’s (doctor) and women’s jobs (secretary, nurse, waitress)
2) Gendered Wage Gap
- the difference between male and female earning expressed as a % of male earnings (men are paid more.. women turn down opportunity for promotion by taking time off for kids)

27
Q

What did Ann Oakley: The Sociology of Housework explain?

A
  • Society has a stake in insisting women’s natural fitness for the career of mother
  • Housework is opposed to self-actualization
  • Women are disempowered and imprisoned by their beliefs about the proper role of women
28
Q

What did Arlie Hochschild: The second shift explain?

A

We are caught in a stalled revolution

- Women have a 2nd shift of work(cook, clean)

29
Q

View slide 12

A

12

30
Q

Define Intersectionality

A

The analysis of inequality incorporates the complex between race, gender, ethnicity, and class in shaping social outcomes

31
Q

What works together to position some individuals as privileged and others as disadvantaged?

A

Gender, race and social class

32
Q

What is the exchange theory?

A

The assertion that power in relationships is influenced by the resources that a member brings to the relationship

33
Q

________ is key to understanding the complex experiences of how relations of gender, race, and social class work together to position some individuals as privileged and others as disadvantaged

A

An intersectional approach

34
Q

What does the Functionalist Theory believe about gender?

A

Women and men perform separate, specialized and complementary roles to maintain cohesiveness
- Well defined roles reduce confusion and conflict regarding gender expectations

35
Q

What does the Conflict Theory believe about gender?

A

How gender differences affects one’s control of, and access to, scarce resources

  • Monogamous marriage
  • gender inequalities serve capitalists
36
Q

What does the Symbolic Interactionism Theory believe about gender?

A

Gender is created through social institutions (families, schools, peers, media)

  • Gender is something we do, NOT just what we are
  • Interested in the meanings of male/ female and masculinity/ femininity
  • Based on operant conditioning (learning to operate a certain way)
37
Q

Who stated: “Gender is not a set of traits, nor a variable, nor a role, but the product of social doings of some sort”?

A

West and Zimmerman

38
Q

What does the Feminist Theory believe about gender?

A

Gender is socially constructed, and has significant and at times negative consequences for men and women
- Endeavour to identify the ways in which institutionalized and internalized gendered norms can limit women’s behaviours and opportunities

39
Q

What does the Post-Structuralist Theory believe about gender?

A

Draws on the work of Michel Foucault - They understand people as positioned within, and produced by discourse
- Masculinity, femininity, and even sex itself are socially and discursively constructed

40
Q

What does Bulter argue? (Post-Structuralist Theory)

A

There is no essential basis to gender

41
Q

What do Post-Structuralist’s argue?

A

There is no coherent or essential self behind our performances

42
Q

What did Judith Butler believe about gender?

A
  • Gender cannot be thought of as having some essential basis
  • No authentic femininity and masculinity rooted in male/ female bodies
  • Gender is a performance

Sociology 112 (10 decks)

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